APUSH Exam Review - TP 4 (MARKET REVOLUTION)

What is the span of the “Market Revolution” period (TP 4)?

1800-1848

Jefferson’s Inaugural Address

-“we are all Republicans, we are all federalists”

-advocated for freedom of religion and press and encourage friendship with other nations and unrestricted trade

John Marshall

-Head judge of Supreme Court; believed in national supremacy and expanding the power of the federal government

-Federalist

-Jefferson through Jackson

Marbury v. Madison

-Madison refused to issue commissions to some of Adams’ justices. Marbury, one of the justices, sued, the case went to Marshall.

-established judicial review —> the ability for the Supreme Court to decide if an act is constitutional

Louisiana Purchase (definition, causes, effects)

Jefferson bought a lot of territory from the French in the western continental United States

-CAUSES: Jefferson fear that trade with New Orleans was in jeopardy and Napoleon needed money so he agreed to sell the Louisiana territory

EFFECTS: double the size, the United States, and insured and agrarian future for the country

Embargo Act

Restricted exports from America in retaliation to the British war with France

-smugglers avoided the act and it was repealed two years later because it hurt the economy

War Hawks

Younger congressman who wanted war with Britain and also wanted to annex Canada and Florida

-included Henry Clay from Kentucky and John C Calhoun from South Carolina

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Native brothers

-Tecumseh was a Shawnee chief and Tenskwatawa was a prophet

-Tecumseh trade to unite natives against white encroachment, but was killed at the battle of the Thames

War of 1812 (definition, causes, effects, debates)

-War between US and Britain over British impressment of American sailors, shipping interference, and conflict with natives.

-the South and West supported the war because they thought it would protect their liberty

-The Northeast/Northwest were against the war because they were afraid of the economic consequences

-Made Andrew Jackson a national hero; completed conquest of land west of the Mississippi River; caused conflict between the US and Canada; increased separation from the Old World; killed Federalist Party

Treaty of Ghent

The treaty was signed in 1814 and ended the war of 1812

News of the treaty did not reach America until the battle of New Orleans

The treaty did not change much

Hartford Convention and end of the Federalist Party

Federalism was going out of style in the Hartford convention was their last dying breath. It was a meeting of New England federalists to protest the war. they complained about embargoes, officeholding, declaration of war, and new states. their views were not popular and seen as unpatriotic. Jackson’s victory and New Orleans inspired patriotism within the Democratic Republicans, and really killed the federalists.

Cotton Kingdom

Made up of North Carolina through Louisiana

Relied on slave labor to produce cotton because there was an immense demand for cotton products

Eli Whitney and the cotton gin

-Yale graduate living in Georgia

-Invented the cotton gin, which helped separate cotton seed from the cotton fiber

-His invention made cotton a more profitable crop, which caused an increase in slaves to farm it.

McCulloch v. Maryland

In 1818, Maryland imposed a tax on the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the United States, which was established by Congress to regulate currency. James W. McCulloch, the cashier of the Baltimore branch, refused to pay the tax.

-supported federal power over states’ power and defined “implied power”

Era of Good Feelings

-Characterization of Monroe’s presidency because there weren’t many major conflicts; Monroe was a popular president; 1817-1825

-Some argue it ended with the Panic of 1819

Missouri Compromise

-Missouri would be a slave state but Maine would enter free; Missouri’s southern border (36 30’) would be the border for slavery in the LA territory.

-cements sectionalism by making the South and North separate.

Monroe Doctrine

-Document that declared that American continents are not to be subjected to future colonization by European powers and the US wouldn’t meddle in European affairs.

-Europeans were looking at Latin and South America; US feared southern interference would lead to European encroachment; proposed by Britain but carried out by the US alone

-Briefly encouraged nationalism (but was quickly forgotten due to personal issues); European countries were annoyed, but recognized the power of the British Navy and agreed; formed the basis of Manifest Destiny

Election of 1824 and Clay’s Corrupt Bargain

Andrew Jackson versus John Quincy Adams versus William Crawford and Henry Clay

Jackson received the popular vote

However, Clay supported Adams in exchange for a seat in power. Adams ended up winning, and Clay became secretary of state.

American System

-3 part plan to strengthen US

1. New national bank

2. Tariff on imports

3. Internal improvements (roads/canals)

-Created by Henry Clay

-People like John Calhoun believed that roads were the key to preserving unity; however Madison thought that it was an overreach of federal power and dangerous to individual liberty and the South

-The first two passed, but Madison rejected the internal improvements

-Formed key ideology of Whig party; bank caused tension between the elite (who ran it) and the common, who were taxed by it

Panic of 1819

first major depression caused by uncontrolled inflation and limited credit; led to unemployment, bankruptcy, rise in debt, and opposition to the national bank

Fletcher v. Peck

-Georgia was making illegal land sales to private companies after taking bribes and later the sales were repealed. John Peck bought the land from the sale and later sold it to Robert Fletcher but when Fletcher found out the sale was illegal avoided he sued Peck

-The first time the Supreme Court declared state law unconstitutional

Gibbons v. Ogden

Ogden had a New York State sanctioned monopolistic license on steamboat and Gibbons had competing federal license on steamboats. Ogden sued Gibbons to keep his monopoly. New York courts upheld the monopoly so Gibbons went to the Supreme Court who ruled in favor of Gibbons.

-the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government controls interstate commerce which opened the way for the government to encourage economic growth

The National (Cumberland) Road

Started in Cumberland, Maryland and expanded to Wheeling Ohio by 1819 and was extended to Illinois in 1838 were ended

The first big interstate road

The Erie Canal

The most profitable canal that went from Buffalo to Albany

It connected the Great Lakes to the East Coast and Maine New York City, the largest port in the country

Market Revolution + Technologies

-A period of American history where industry boomed and factories opened up more opportunities

-Caused by an increase in innovations (eg cotton gin) and the Industrial Revolution in Europe.

-EFFECTS: Downward mobility; “self-made man” (the idea of gaining success because of hard work) made more people eager for jobs. As more people got jobs, the poor weren’t so poor anymore, which led to expanding middle class; women were given more opportunities; some feared the loss of freedom; the unreliable economy caused irregular employment/unemployment; widened the gap between the super rich and super poor; now that people got more opportunities, ideas of democracy shifted from being rich to being self-sufficient.

-Tech: steamboats, railroads, canals, telegraph, etc

American System of manufactures (NOT THE SAME AS CLAY’S AMERICAN SYSTEM)

Relied on interchangeable parts that could be assembled quickly

Perfected in the 1840s and 50s

Mill Girls

Young woman who worked at textile factories

They were given new freedoms, but bad working conditions

Causes of increased immigration

Push:

-industrial revolution in Europe, the failed revolutions of 1848, and the great famine in Ireland where disease destroyed potatoes

Pull:

-new job opportunities, steam ships that made travel easier, and political and religious freedoms

Nativism

Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic beliefs

-lasted from the 1830s to the 1850s (but the idea is stuck around for a whole lot longer) and expanded into the American (Know-Nothing) party

Downward Mobility

as the economy expanded, free black artisans were often denied jobs in favor of white craftsmen; they were “moving down” in society due to race

Cult of Domesticity

Virtue and modesty are essential to proper womanhood

Women needed to be obedient, submissive, pliable, and humble, and were supposed to remain in the private family (stayed at home)

Franchise/enfranchise/disenfranchise

The right to vote/to give the right to vote/to take away the right to vote

Election of 1828

Van Buren established Democratic Party to support Andrew Jackson, instead of John Quincy Adams

Campaigns were based on insulting opponents

Jackson won, having the support of the south, west and Pennsylvania

Andrew Jackson

-War hero from the Battle of New Orleans (War of 1812); advocate for the “common man”; elected president in 1828; strong nationalist; believed states should hold the most political power

-Democrat

-Advertised himself as a “common man” to connect with the poor. They had the majority vote, and they’d be more likely to vote for someone they thought shared their interests

-Actual president for the common man or King Andrew I?

Spoils system

Filling federal government jobs with people loyal to the party of the president

Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

Taxed imported goods at a high rate and was strongly opposed in the south

Henry Clay (seems to never die)

Kentucky politician who created the American system

Participated in the corrupt bargain that got Quincy Adams into office and was Adams’ Secretary of State

John C Calhoun (seems to never die)

-defender of Southern sectionalism; vice president to Jackson

-Began as a Democrat; transferred to Whig after Force Act

-NULLIFICATION (SC should ignore the tariff law—>published his idea in Exposition and Protest); believed slavery was a “positive good”

-Caused further sectional tension

Nullification crisis

-South Carolina tried to nullify the federal tariff law

-Parliament had passed the tariff of 1828 (known as the tariff of abominations in the South) which heavily taxed imports made of wool and iron. South Carolina didn’t like that

-Jackson persuaded Congress to pass the Force Act, which would authorize him to use the military to force South Carolina to comply. Caused further sectional tension

-Eventually led to secession

Indian Removal Act of 1830

-allowed Americans to encroach on natives’ land

-marked the shift from passive policies that allowed assimilation to anti-Indian policies

Native Court Cases (1 Johnson v. M’Intosh; 2 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia; 3 Worcester v. Georgia)

1) declared natives didn’t own land but just had “right of occupancy”

2) natives were “wards” of the federal government and deserved paternal protection but not citizenship

3) natives were under the federal government’s jurisdiction, not state

*All under John Marshall

Trail of Tears

-Long and grueling forced march on the native population; many didn’t survive it

-Ended in Oklahoma

-Ordered by Jackson so the Americans could expand west

-More territory for Americans; restricted natives and hurt their spirit; alienated Jackson

Election of 1840

Harrison beat Van Buren

He was the “log cabin candidate” (his campaign was literally called “log cabin and hard cider campaign”) and was supposed to represent the the common people

Ran with John Tyler

A month into office however he got pneumonia and died so Taylor succeeded him

Democrats v Whigs

DEMOCRATS

Alarmed by whitening wealth, gap, and wanted special favors from the government. Had a very laissez-faire/hands-off government. They killed the national bank and lowered tariffs, and the states replaced the federal government in the economy. Slave of supported Democrats because they were for states rights which would protect slavery. They believed government power is a threat to liberty, and essentially that liberty equals the absence of government. They believed that morality was private, outlawed liquor sale, and tried to regulate personal lives.

WHIGS:

They were supported by bankers, businessman, and planters who wanted economic growth protected by the government. The not explicitly stated it is said that many slave owners voted Whig. They believed liberty and power benefited each other and that private life and morality should be government regulated.

Bank War

Jackson vetoed the continuation the National Bank, much to the dismay of the rich politicians who ran it; they painted Jackson as a tyrant king who overreached his constitutional power (“King Andrew the I”); led to the Specie Circular which led to the panic of 1837 which led to a serious economic depression.

Second Great Awakening

Another religious revival in the early 1800s as a reaction to secularism. Leaders were alarmed at low attendance levels in church and the spike in rationalist religion. It resulted in a predominance of Baptists and Methodists as the main religions. Preachers used vivid language to warn of hell and praise heaven and they advertised against greed. This ended up democratizing American Christianity.

Individualism

Describes the increasing emphasis on the pursuit of personal advancement and private fulfillment without interference

Joseph Smith, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormonism), and Brigham Young

Joseph Smith was a farmer in upstate New York, who experienced visions as a kid. He published the book of Mormon, in which Jesus played a large role. He’s considered the founder of Mormonism, which is a religious sect founded in the 1830s as a result of revivalism in New York’s “burned over” district. It was based on the focus of family and community and rejection of alcohol. It also included polygamy.

Brigham Young with the second Mormon leader who led the people to Utah when they faced persecution. He became the Mormon stronghold

Social structure in South

(From highest to lowest status)

-Aristocracy (planters)

-Yeoman (farmers)

-Poor whites (“white trash”)

-Slaves

Transcendentalism

-The idea that a person can go further with emotion, intuition , and independence than logic alone. The idea highlighted a connection to nature as a bridge to spiritual accomplishment.

-Influenced by the Romanticism movement

-Included Ralph Waldo Emerson (often considered the father of transcendentalism); Henry David Thoreau

-Influenced religion and art in early America; formed the basis of the unique American philosophy of freedom and self-dependence

Reform Movements (1830s-1840s)

ABOLITION

-William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, David Walker, Henry Highland Garnet, Robert Finley, Theodore Weld, Arthur Tappa

WOMEN’S RIGHTS

-Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sarah Grimke, Lucretia Mott, Amelia Bloomer

CARE FOR THE LESS FORTUNATE

-Zebulon Brockway (prisons), Dorothea Dix (mentally ill), Samuel Gridley Howe (blind), Thomas Gallaudet (deaf), Horace Mann (public education), Sylvester Graham (advocated for health and temperance)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony

-Advocate for women’s rights/equality in voting and education

-organized Seneca Falls Convention (a gathering of women fighting for rights); (Elizabeth wrote Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments on the Declaration of Independence)

-Were the figureheads of the suffrage movement; eventually won the 19th amendment

Sectionalism

-Division caused by differences in lifestyle, ideals, and values

SECTIONS:
-Northeast (populous —>high birthrate/immigration; major industrial growth; anti-slavery)

-Northwest (populous; prosperous agriculture; growing cities; formerly linked to South w/ Mississippi but later connected to NE w/ roads/railroads; anti-slavery)

-South (agriculture; COTTON IS KING; major export; more connected to Britain than the rest of the country; SLAVES)

-West (fresh starts; natives; difficult life; not very populous; disconnected; just trying to survive)

-The disconnect between them and the major differences caused disagreements and misunderstanding

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Turner was a slave from Virginia who believed he had a God-given mission to overthrow white dominance in his area. He and a few others rebelled and killed a lot of white people. This was one example of the resistance that slaves participated in against their owners and harsh living conditions.

Mass Politics and effects

-Voting rights were expanded to everyone Jackson nixed property qualifications

-Candidates had to campaign to everyone, not just the elite.