CSP - endterm exam

Peacemaking

The process of brokering a peace deal. It involves diplomatic effort and can be enforced by a third-party armed force.

Peacekeeping

Usually the use of paramilitary forces to maintain peace post-conflict.

Peacebuilding

A continuous process, a few years before or after the end of a conflict to prevent (another) future conflict.

Negotiation

Process of combining of divergent / conflicting positions through communication into a joint decision.

Arbitration

Judicial procedure resulting to a verdict that both parties have committed to accept.

Mediation

Mode of negotiation in which a third party helps the parties find a solution which they cannot find by themselves.

Motives for mediation - major powers

Defensive and offensive goals

o   To increase the prospects of stability

o   To deny their rivals opportunities for intervention

o   To earn them gratitude of one or both parties

o   To enable them to continue to have a role in the region

Motives for mediation - small and medium powers

Self-interests

o   To prevent a conflict from spilling over to mediator’s territory

o   To allay fear of drawing powerful external actors

o   To avoid taking sides

o   To promote norms that enhance own security

o   To expand their influence and prestige

Motives for mediation - international organisations and NGOs

Charters (belief in peace’s inherent desirability)

o   To fill the slack left by UN

o   To enhance their positions as useful third parties

o   To reinforce their standing and reputation

Precipice

A critical tipping point in a conflict where both parties feel that continuing the confrontation will lead to severe consequences, such as military defeat, political collapse, or economic ruin.

Plateau

A stable but stagnant phase in a conflict, where neither side is making significant gains or losses.

Communication

The mediator acts primarily as a neutral conduit for information, relaying messages between the conflicting parties without altering content or influencing outcomes.

Formulation

The mediator takes a more active role in shaping the negotiation process and helping structure potential solutions.

Manipulation

The mediator is highly involved and uses leverage, incentives, or pressure to guide the parties toward a resolution.

Power

Ability to move a party in an intended direction (leverage).

Persuasion

Ability to portray an alternative more favourable, access to information needed/wanted.

Expertise

Ability to produce an attractive position due to superior expertise and networks.

Termination

Ability to withdraw from mediation.

Limitation

Ability to block alternatives.

Deprivation

Ability to withhold and shift resources.

Gratification

Ability to add resources to the outcome.

International peacebuilding

Preventing resumption of armed conflict and promoting consolidation of peace.

International architecture of peacebuilding

Network of international actors with shared vision of objectives and their role. System which coordinates interests and activities.

Liberal peacebuilding model

An approach to peacebuilding that promotes the establishment of liberal democratic institutions and market-based economic reforms as the foundation for sustainable peace.

OECD report 2011

Outlines the aims of statebuilding and peacebuilding efforts. These aims revolve around establishing stable and functional governments that can effectively serve their populations and respond to their needs.

State - international customary law

Statehood exists when a given political entity possesses a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.

State - Weber

A human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.

State - Hobbes

Voluntary social contract by citizens with state to give up some of their freedom in exchange for peace and security.

State - Tilly

Empires and tribute-payers, city-states, territorial states and Westphalian system.

Security sector

DDR, SSR.

Governance sector

Democratization, accountability of institutions and respect for human rights.

Rule of law sector

Reforming judicial institutions, dialogues, truth and reconciliation commissions.

Paris and Sisk

First strong State structures, then peacebuilding relational reforms.

Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)

A structured process aimed at transitioning former combatants from military to civilian life, thereby contributing to the stabilization and reconstruction of post-conflict societies.

Disarmament

This phase involves the collection, control, and disposal of weapons from combatants. It aims to reduce the immediate threat of armed violence by removing weapons from circulation.

Demobilisation

This phase is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces or armed groups.

Reintegration

This phase focuses on helping former combatants and their families reintegrate into civilian communities socially, economically, and politically.

DDR - minimalist perspective

Views ex-combatants as security risks. Micro-insecurity involves fear of personal violence and crime due to ex-combatants' lack of income and skills, while macro-insecurity concerns the potential return to arms due to unresolved grievances, threatening national and regional stability.

DDR - maximalist perspective

Sees ex-combatants as resources for community and national development. Effective reintegration can enable ex-combatants to contribute to economic growth and social stability.

Disarmament - phases of operation

1.    Information collection and operational planning

2.    Weapons collections

3.    Stockpile management

4.    Destruction

Eligibility criteria

In the context of disarmament programs refer to the specific conditions and requirements that individuals must meet to be recognized and registered as combatants eligible for disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) processes.

Combatant status

Proof that the individual was an active member of an armed group.

Weapon possession

The requirement to hand in a weapon as evidence of participation in armed activities.  

Role within armed group

Recognizing that not all participants in armed groups may have carried weapons; roles such as messengers, cooks, or ‘wives’ of combatants might also be considered under specific criteria.

Cantonment

Temporary housing for combatants.

Reintegration - economic

o   Main approach and application of reintegration

o   Equipping ex-combatants with productive skills & employment.

Reintegration - political

o   Becoming a full part of decision-making processes.

o   May be part of wider negotiation and settlement.

Reintegration - social

o   Balance between helping ex-combatants and communities.

o   Distinction between community-located and community-based programs.

Security Sector Reform (SSR)

A reaction to the excesses of Cold War-era security assistance (“hard” assistance).

Monopoly model

A one-size-fits-all, top-down approach where outside countries or donors try to quickly build strong governments based on their own values (like democracy and free markets), often without asking locals what they need.

Good enough model

A more flexible and realistic approach. Tries to make things better step-by-step, even if it’s not perfect. Accepts that local conditions are messy, and works with what's already there, including unofficial leaders or groups.

Hybrid model

A completely new way that focuses on what actually works, not on copying Western ideas. It supports shared powerbetween governments and local/traditional groups, building systems that fit the local culture and reality.