HAMEX FINAL - later reconstruction...?

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• The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 

• In protest of segregation on public busses

  • African Americans refused to ride busses in Montgomery for 381 days

• Sparked by arrest of Rosa Parks for sitting in front of bus

• Led by MLK

• busses desegregated when companies gave up because they weren’t getting money 

• the Little Rock 9, 

  • After desegregation passed

  • US Troops sent : to defend the students from racist whites in the angry mob that would form outside

  • experience:

    • army station wagon every day

    • individual paratrooper per child

    • was like going to war

• Emmett Till trial

• 14 year old boy visiting Mississippi from Chicago

• Cousins dare him to talk to white woman, woman tells husband

• Husband and brother and law brutally abduct and lynch Till, no justice

• North understands Southern racial hatred, sparks civil rights movement of 50s and 60s

• Charles Hamilton Houston

• Charles Houston known as “the Man who killed Jim Crow”.

  • He documented discrimination in white schools vs black schools→ this led to Brown v. Board.

  • Charles was a general in WWI along with 200,000 black men. They had to experience segregation, harassment, substanding housing, lynching . Charles decided that there had to be change and enlisted the help of the N.A.A.C.P (National association of the advancement of colored people) to fight a war against the Jim Crow Laws.

  • Houston decided there would be a 2 stage attack. 

  • 1) File precedent cases demanding black schools become = to white schools. 2) he would attack the separateness itself

• NAACP

• Founded: February 12, 1909, due to → 1908 Springfield Race Riot in Illinois.

• interracial coalition that uses legal litigation, lobbying, and education to dismantle Jim Crow laws

• Goal was to secure the rights guaranteed by the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments 

• PEOPLE:

  • W.E.B Du Bois (co-founder)

  • Ida B. Wells (co-founder)

  • Thurgood Marshall

  • (yes there are more, i just can’t mention everyone)

• Plessy v. Ferguson

• Separate Car Act passed in Louisiana, requiring “separate but equal” cars for Blacks and whites

• The Committee of Citizens did a constitutionality check, chose Homer Plessy (⅞ white) as subject

• Sat in whites only car and got arrested, sued

• Lower court rules against (this enables case to be appealed to Supreme Court) and goes to supreme court, rules against Plessy 7-1

• Establishes separate but equal, extreme negative impact, begins Jim Crow

• Brown v. Board of Education

• The 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled separate schools are inherently unequal

• Overturned segregation in public education and helped launch wider desegregation.

• Black families in Topeka (Kansas) led by Brown sued and went against segregated schools

• goes to the supreme court 

  • Thurgood Marshall argues the case

• The court rules unanimously for Brown (9-0) and sets the precedent that schools cannot be segregated.

• Dred Scott v. Sandford

• Born into slavery, travels and lives with master in Illinois where slavery illegal

  • He lived as a free person there

• Owner dies

• Travels back to Missouri with the owner's wife (mrs emerson) and owners wife says that Scott is still enslaved

• He sues for freedom, Supreme Court case Scott vs Sanford

• Supreme Court rules against Scott, “once a slave, always a slave.”

• Also states that African Americans not citizens

• government cannot prohibit slavery in territories- Missouri compromise unconstitutional

• negative

• Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Civil Rights Act of 1964 - outlaws all segregation officially and bans discrimination based on race/gender/etc. Result of sit ins, marches. Signed by Lyndon B Johnson

• Voting Rights Act of 1965

•  voting activists murdered, marches led to this

  • No more literacy tests

  • protects voting rights

  • Signed by Lydon B Johnson

• Civil Rights Act of 1868

• 1868, established birthright citizenship and everyone should be treated equally under law → only protected from discrimination in government regardless.