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activation energy
The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
active site
The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds
amino acid
The monomers that combine to form a protein
carbohydrate
A type of bio-molecule consisting only of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1; the type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body
catalyst
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by reducing activation energy
cellulose
A type of polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that is found in the cell wall of plant cells
denatured enzyme
An enzyme which no longer functions because its shape has been changed
enzyme
A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
exothermic
A chemical or physical process that produces or releases energy
glucose
A simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is an important source of energy and is used during cellular respiration
glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals
hormone
Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
insulin
A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues
lipid
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
lock and key model
The model of the enzyme that shows the substrate fitting perfectly into the active site
monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
monosaccharide
A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose; simple sugar
nucleic acid
A complex organic substance present in living cells whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain; examples include DNA and RNA
nucleotide
A monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar (ribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
organic
A carbon containing compound, relating to, or derived from living matter
peptide bond
The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid; connects amino acids together
polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together
polypeptide
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
polysaccharide
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
product
A substance produced during a chemical reaction
reactant
Any substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.
starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose molecules bonded together
substrate
A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule
protein
A three dimensional polymer made of amino acid monomers
