THE GAME CHANGER: Community Health Nursing and Non-Communicable Diseases

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and communicable diseases, as well as community health nursing principles based on the lecture notes.

Hypertension

A chronic condition characterized by a persistent elevation in arterial blood pressure, resulting in increased workload of the heart and blood vessels.

Normal Blood Pressure

Systolic BP $<120\,mmHg$ and Diastolic BP $<80\,mmHg$.

Stage 1 Hypertension

Systolic BP $130–139\,mmHg$ or Diastolic BP $80–89\,mmHg$.

Hypertensive Crisis

Systolic BP $\ge 180\,mmHg$ and/or Diastolic BP $\ge 120\,mmHg$.

Hypertensive Urgency

Severe BP elevation without acute target-organ damage, managed with oral antihypertensives like Captopril or Clonidine.

Hypertensive Emergency

Severe BP elevation with acute organ damage such as stroke, MI, or acute kidney injury, requiring ICU admission and IV antihypertensives.

DASH Diet

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, which increases fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while reducing saturated fats and sodium.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A condition where coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked due to atherosclerosis, resulting in decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the myocardium.

Coronary Angiography

The gold standard diagnostic test for identifying coronary artery blockage or obstruction.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Irreversible necrosis of myocardial tissue due to prolonged interruption of coronary blood flow, often lasting $>20\,minutes$.

Troponin I/T

The gold standard, most sensitive and specific cardiac biomarker for diagnosing Myocardial Infarction.

Heart Failure (HF)

A clinical syndrome where the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet metabolic demands, resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion or fluid congestion.

Echocardiography

The gold standard diagnostic test for evaluating heart failure and assessing ejection fraction.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

A biomarker released when ventricles are stretched; levels $>400\,pg/mL$ strongly suggest heart failure.

Left-Sided Heart Failure

Failure of the left ventricle to pump effectively, leading to pulmonary congestion, crackles, dyspnea, and orthopnea.

Right-Sided Heart Failure

Failure of the right ventricle leading to systemic venous congestion, jugular vein distention (JVD), peripheral edema, and hepatomegaly.

Diabetes Mellitus

A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

An autoimmune disorder involving the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency and a high risk of DKA.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A condition characterized by insulin resistance and progressive impairment of insulin secretion, often associated with obesity.

HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c)

A diagnostic test reflecting average blood glucose over the previous $2–3\,months$; $\ge 6.5\%$ indicates diabetes.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

An acute complication common in Type 1 DM characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonuria, fruity breath odor, and Kussmaul respirations.

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)

An acute complication common in Type 2 DM characterized by severe hyperglycemia and extreme dehydration without significant ketosis.

Metformin

The first-line biguanide medication for Type 2 DM that decreases hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity.

15-15 Rule

Management for conscious hypoglycemia ($BG <70\,mg/dL$) involving $15\,g$ of fast-acting carbs and rechecking glucose after $15\,minutes$.

Asthma

A chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by reversible airway obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation.

Spirometry

The gold standard diagnostic test for both Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

Silent Chest

A medical emergency in asthma indicated by severe airway obstruction with absent breath sounds.

Status Asthmaticus

A severe, life-threatening asthma attack that does not respond to standard therapy.

Chronic Bronchitis

A COPD component defined by a productive cough for at least $3\,months$ per year for $2\,consecutive\,years$, known as 'Blue Bloaters'.

Emphysema

A COPD component involving permanent destruction of alveolar walls and loss of lung elasticity, known as 'Pink Puffers'.

Pursed-Lip Breathing

A signature breathing technique for COPD that helps prevent airway collapse and improves ventilation.

Cachexia

A severe wasting syndrome in cancer characterized by weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness.

Biopsy

The gold standard diagnostic procedure for definitive cancer diagnosis.

CAUTION Warning Signs

Acronym for cancer signs: Change in bowel habits, A sore that doesn't heal, Unusual bleeding, Thickening/lump, Indigestion, Obvious change in wart/mole, Nagging cough.

Primary Prevention

Actions taken before disease occurs to prevent development, such as immunization, health education, and exercise.

Secondary Prevention

Actions taken for early detection and prompt treatment, such as BP screening, mammography, and PAP smears.

Tertiary Prevention

Actions taken after disease has occurred to prevent complications and restore function, such as rehabilitation and physical therapy.

Airborne Precautions

Infection control for pathogens $<5\,microns$ (e.g., TB, Measles, Varicella) requiring an N95 respirator and negative-pressure room.

Droplet Precautions

Infection control for pathogens $>5\,microns$ (e.g., Influenza, Pertussis, Mumps) requiring a surgical mask when within $3–6\,feet$.

Contact Precautions

Infection control for direct/indirect transmission (e.g., MRSA, VRE, C. difficile) requiring gloves and gown.

RIPE Therapy

The standard treatment regimen for Tuberculosis consisting of Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol.

Isoniazid (INH)

Anti-TB drug that can cause peripheral neuropathy; patients are often prescribed Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) to prevent this.

Rifampin

Anti-TB drug known for causing orange-red discoloration of body fluids such as urine, tears, and sweat.

Ethambutol

Anti-TB drug that requires monitoring for the side effect of optic neuritis (visual changes).

Dengue Fever

An acute viral infection transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, also known as 'Breakbone Fever'.

Tourniquet Test

A diagnostic test for Dengue where the presence of petechiae after cuff inflation indicates capillary fragility.

HBsAg

Serologic marker indicating an active Hepatitis B infection.

Anti-HBs

Serologic marker indicating immunity to Hepatitis B.

Hydrophobia

A classic sign of Rabies involving fear of water due to painful throat spasms when swallowing.

Diphtheria

An acute bacterial infection characterized by the formation of a thick, gray-white pseudomembrane in the throat.

Pertussis

Also known as 'Whooping Cough', it is characterized by a paroxysmal cough followed by an inspiratory whoop and post-tussive vomiting.

Koplik Spots

Pathognomonic sign of Measles characterized by small white spots with a red base on the buccal mucosa.

Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)

Fetal condition from maternal infection characterized by the triad of cataracts, congenital heart disease (PDA), and deafness.

Chickenpox (Varicella)

Infection characterized by a pruritic vesicular rash described as 'dew drops on a rose petal'.

Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

Reactivation of the Varicella-zoster virus causing a painful unilateral vesicular rash along a dermatome.

Malaria

Parasitic disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito, characterized by cyclic fever, chills, and profuse sweating.

Peripheral Blood Smear

The gold standard diagnostic test for Malaria, using thick smears to detect parasites and thin smears to identify species.

Filariasis

A parasitic infection of the lymphatic system caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, leading to elephantiasis.

Tetanus

Infection caused by Clostridium tetani toxin characterized by trismus (lockjaw), risus sardonicus, and opisthotonus.

Leptospirosis

Zoonotic infection acquired from water contaminated with rat urine; calf tenderness is a classic clinical clue.

Schistosomiasis

A parasitic disease caused by blood flukes acquired through freshwater skin penetration; Schistosoma japonicum is endemic in the Philippines.

Cholera

Acute intestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae causing profuse 'rice-water stools' and severe dehydration.

Hutchinson Triad

Late findings of congenital syphilis consisting of Hutchinson teeth, interstitial keratitis, and sensorineural deafness.

Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction

A systemic reaction (fever, chills) occurring within $24\,hours$ after starting antibiotic treatment for syphilis due to rapid bacterial destruction.

Duvall’s Family Development Theory

A framework of 8 stages of the family life cycle based on the presence and age of children.

Genogram

A graphic representation of a family tree showing structure, relationships, and health patterns across at least three generations.

Ecomap

A diagram showing a family's relationships and interactions with external community social support systems and stressors.

Family APGAR

A tool developed by Gabriel Smilkstein measuring Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve to assess family function.

Maglaya’s Typology

Classification of family nursing problems into Wellness Condition, Health Deficit, Health Threat, and Foreseeable Crisis.

IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illness)

A WHO/UNICEF strategy for the integrated assessment, classification, and treatment of illnesses in children under 5 years old.

Yellow Category (IMCI)

Classification indicating moderate disease that requires specific treatment at a health facility and caregiver counseling.

Red Category (IMCI)

Classification indicating severe disease or emergency condition requiring urgent referral.

Bag Technique

A systematic procedure used by public health nurses during home visits to prevent infection and maintain efficiency using a nursing bag.

Rural Health Unit (RHU)

A primary-level health facility that serves the municipal population.

Universal Health Care Act (RA 11223)

A 2019 law ensuring all Filipinos have access to quality and affordable health services without financial hardship.

SDG 3

The Sustainable Development Goal specifically focused on 'Good Health and Well-being' for all.

Alma-Ata Declaration (1978)

The international conference that established Primary Health Care (PHC) as a fundamental human right with the goal of 'Health for All'.

Windshield Survey

A primary community assessment tool involving systematic observation of the community's physical environment while moving through it.

Incidence

A measure of disease frequency referring to the number of new cases occurring in a population during a specific time period.

Prevalence

A measure of disease frequency referring to the total number of existing cases (old and new) in a population at a given time.

Endemic

The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a specific geographic area.

Epidemic

A sudden increase in disease cases above expected levels in a specific community.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

A vital statistic reflecting the number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per $1,000\,live\,births$; it is a key indicator of health care quality.

COPAR (Community Organizing Participatory Action Research)

A process of empowering communities to solve their own health problems through active participation and self-reliance.

FHSIS (Field Health Services Information System)

The primary health information system used in the Philippines to monitor public health programs and service delivery.