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34 Terms

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Natural Rights

Basic rights inherent to all individuals such as life, liberty, and property.

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Republicanism

A political ideology that emphasizes the role of citizens in electing representatives and limiting governmental powers.

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Popular Sovereignty

The principle that the authority of a government is created and sustained by the consent of its people.

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Limited Government

A governing body whose powers are restricted through laws or a constitution to protect individual liberties.

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Declaration of Independence

A foundational document asserting the colonies' separation from Great Britain and outlining the principles of individual rights.

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United States Constitution

The supreme law of the United States that establishes the framework of government and its relationship with the people.

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Participatory Democracy

A model of democracy emphasizing broad participation in political decision-making.

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Pluralist Democracy

A model of democracy that acknowledges multiple competing interest groups that influence public policy.

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Elitist Democracy

A model of democracy where a small number of individuals hold significant power over political decisions.

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Federalist Papers

A series of essays written to promote the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

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Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution who favored a weaker centralized government.

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Shay’s Rebellion

An armed uprising in 1786 led by Daniel Shays in response to economic injustices and governmental power.

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Great Compromise

An agreement during the Constitutional Convention that established a bicameral legislature in the U.S. Congress.

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Electoral College

A body of electors established by the United States Constitution that formally elects the President and Vice President.

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Block Grants

Federal funds given to states for broad purposes without stringent guidelines.

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Categorical Grants

Federal funds given to states for specific purposes, requiring adherence to federal conditions.

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Mandates

Laws or regulations imposed on states by the federal government.

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10th Amendment

Reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states or the people.

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Necessary and Proper Clause

Allows Congress to make laws deemed necessary to carry out its enumerated powers.

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Commerce Clause

Grants Congress the ability to regulate commerce among the states.

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Mcculloch v. Maryland

A Supreme Court case affirming federal supremacy over state laws.

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US v. Lopez

A Supreme Court case ruling that limited Congress's power under the Commerce Clause.

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Political Socialization

The process by which individuals develop their political beliefs and values.

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Political Efficacy

The belief that one's actions can influence political processes.

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Rational Choice Voting

A voting theory suggesting individuals vote based on their perceived self-interest.

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Retrospective Voting

Casting votes based on a candidate's past performance.

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Prospective Voting

Voting based on predictions of a candidate's future performance.

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Roe v. Wade

A landmark Supreme Court case that recognized a woman's constitutional right to choose an abortion.

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Civil Rights Movement

A struggle for social justice aiming to secure civil rights for African Americans.

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Judicial Review

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

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Supremacy Clause

A Constitutional provision stating that federal law takes precedence over state law.

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Stare Decisis

The legal principle of determining points in litigation according to precedent.

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Judicial Activism

An approach where judges are willing to overrule both legislative and executive actions.

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Judicial Restraint

An approach to judicial interpretation that encourages courts to limit the exercise of their own power.