Biology Semester 1 Final Exam

What is the quick energy molecule used by organelles?

ATP

Write the chemical formula for photosynthesis.

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Name the reactants of photosynthesis.

Water, CO2, sunlight energy

Name the products of photosynthesis.

Oxygen, glucose

List the two phases of photosynthesis.

Light dependent reactions, light independent reactions

In photosynthesis, what is light energy converted into?

Chemical energy

In photosynthesis, what is the end result of the second phase?

Simple sugars

What's the job of a thylakoid?

Provide energy in the chemiosmosis process

What's the job of a stroma?

Host the Calvin Cycle

What happens to the electrons as they pass down the electron transport chain?

They are passed down from protein to protein releasing energy

How are the electrons that are lost from chlorophyll molecules replaced so that it can absorb light energy again?

Molecules of water are split in the first photosystem (photolysis)

What is the other name given to the light independent reactions?

Calvin Cycle

Write the chemical formula for cellular respiration.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

Oxygen, glucose

What are the products of cellular respiration?

ATP, CO2, water

How many ATP molecules are formed during Glycolysis?

2

How many ATP molecules are formed during the Citric Acid Cycle?

1

How many ATP molecules are formed during the Electron Transport Chain?

32

How are the Calvin Cycle and the Kreb Cycle similar?

Molecules used in the first reaction are also one of the end products

Name the anaerobic process that occurs after glycolysis.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Explain Lactic Acid Fermentation.

Process that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce

Explain Alcoholic Fermentation.

Used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol

What is heredity?

Passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring

What is genetics?

Branch of biology that studies heredity

Contrast genotype and phenotype.

Genotype-allele combination

Phenotype-physical appearance

What is fertilization?

Male and female gametes unite

What is the rule of dominance?

Dominant traits always overshadow recessive traits

(1) What is the law of segregation? (2) When does it occur in meiosis?

(1) Every individual has two alleles of each gene and when gametes are produced each gamete receives one of these alleles.

(2) Anaphase II, Telophase II, and Cytokinesis

Homozygous dominant example.

AA

Homozygous recessive example.

aa

Heterozygous example.

Aa

What is an allele?

Different gene forms

(1) What is the law of independent assortment? (2) When does it occur in meiosis?

(1) Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.

(2) Metaphase, Interphase

What does a Punnett square predict?

Possible genotypes of their offspring

(1) What is probability? (2) What is the probability of flipping a coin and it landing tails up?

(1) Chance

(2) 1/2

How is a monohybrid different from a dihybrid?

Monohybrid- Mono=one, and the two parent different from each other by one trait.

Dihybrid- Di=two, two different traits

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Reduce the normal diploid cells to haploid cells

(1) How many chromosome sets are in a diploid cell? (2) In a haploid cell?

(1) 46

(2) 23

(1) What is crossing over? (2) When does it occur during meiosis?

(1) Non-sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes break and exchange genetic material

(2) Prophase 1

What is nondisjunction?

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis

What is a zygote?

Fertilized cell

(1) What are the components of DNA? (2) How are they arranged?

(1) Guanine, Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine

(2) A+T= Purines (double ringed). G+C= Pyrimidines (single ringed)

(1) What scientists proposed the structure of DNA?

(2) What structure did they propose?

(1) James Watson + Francis Crick

(2) Double helix

What are the base-pairing rules?

A+T (DNA)

A+U (RNA)

G+C (Both)

(1) What is the purpose of replication? (2) Where does it occur? (3) What nucleic acids are involved?

(1) To make sure that all the genetic information is duplicated, it ensures that each cell in an organism has a complete and correct copy of the organisms genome

(2) Chromosomes

(3) DNA

How is RNA different from DNA?

RNA- Ribose/DNA- Deoxyribose

RNA- Single Stranded/DNA- Double stranded

RNA- Uracil/DNA- Thymine

(1) What is the purpose of transcription? (2) Where does it occur? (3) What nucleic acids are involved?

(1) Make RNA copies of genes

(2) Nucleus

(3) DNA, mRNA

(1) What is the purpose of translation? Where does it occur? What nucleic acids are involved?

(1) Make proteins

(2) Ribosomes

(3) DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

(1) What is a mutation? (2) What is a mutagen?

(1) Change in a DNA sequence

(2) Agent that can cause a change in DNA

Contrast a point mutation with a frameshift mutation.

Point Mutation- change in a single base pair in DNA.

Frameshift Mutation- Single base is added/deleted from DNA

What occurs during translocation of a chromosome?

Part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome

What does a pedigree show?

Graphic representation of genetic inheritance

(1) What is incomplete dominance? (2) Give an example found in plants.

(1) Phenotype of heterozygous individuals is intermediate between those of the two homozygous

(2) Red rose + White rose = pink rose

What is codominance?

Phenotypes of both homozygotes to be produced in heterozygous individuals

What are multiple alleles?

Traits controlled by 2 or more alleles

What determines the gender of humans?

X and Y chromosomes

What is polygenic inheritance?

Inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by 2 or more genes

(1) What is a karyotype? (2) Give an example of a condition that could be detected with a karyotype.

(1) Chart of chromosome pairs

(2) Down Syndrome

What was early Earth's atmosphere like?

Filled with water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

What are fossils?

Evidence of an organism that lived a long time ago

Give examples of the types of fossils.

Trace fossils, cast fossils, mold fossils, petrified fossils, amber preserved fossils

Contrast relative dating with radiometric dating.

Relative- rocks at the top must be younger, and deeper ones are older.

Radiometric- Finding the exact age of a rock

When did humans first appear in geologic time?

Quaternary period (in the Quaternary era)

According to the book, how old is Earth?

4.6 billion years

Contrast spontaneous generation with biogenesis.

Spontaneous- idea that nonliving things can reproduce.

Biogenesis- idea that living organisms only come from other living organisms

Describe Miller and Urey's experiment.

They mixed steam with ammonia, methane, and hydrogen gasses then sent an electric current that simulated lightening through the mixture. After a week they found several kinds of amino acids, sugars, and other organic molecules. Proving Oparin's hypothesis

What is believed to be the earliest organism to evolve?

Prokaryotic cells

According to a theory, how did the first prokaryotes probably obtain food?

Organic molecules

What allowed aerobic organisms to evolve?

Oxygen producing photosynthetic prokaryotes

What was Darwin's book?

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

(1) What is natural selection? (2) How is it different from artificial selection?

(1) Mechanism for change in population

(2) Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits

(1) What is mimicry? (2) What is camouflage? (3) How do they help organisms survive?

(1) Structural adaption that enables one species to resemble another species

(2) Adaption that enables species to blend with their surroundings

(3) Predators will learn to avoid any organism with the same general appearance

How are fossils evidence of change over time?

Fossils of transitional species are found which shows the changes that happen over time

(1) What are homologous structures? (2) Give an example.

(1) Structural features with a common evolutionary origin

(2) Arm of human and a wing of bird

(1) What are analogous structures? (2) Give an example.

(1) Body parts of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function

(2) Wings of bat and wings of butterfly

(1) What are vestigial structures? (2) Give an example.

(1) Body structure in present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose

(2) Human appendix

What is a gene pool?

All the populations genes being together in a large pool

Do individuals evolve?

No, populations evolve

What is genetic equilibrium?

Population in which the frequency of alleles remains the same over generations

How is allelic frequency calculated?

Percentage of any specific allele in the gene pool (baseball average)

What does a change in a population's allelic frequencies indicate?

It is not in genetic equilibrium and is evolving

What is gene flow?

Transport of genes by migrating individuals

What is genetic drift?

Alteration of allelic frequencies by chance events

What type of individuals are selected for in stabilizing selection?

Average

What type of individuals are selected for in directional selection?

One of the extreme varaitions

What type of individuals are selected for in disruptive selection?

Either extreme variation

What is speciation?

Evolution of a new species

How might reproductive isolation occur?

When formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring

What is geographic isolation?

Whenever a physical barrier divides a population

How is a polyploidy formed?

Productive isolation

Contrast gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

Gradualism- Idea that species originate through a gradual change in adaptation (slow)

Punctuated- Argues that speciation occurs relatively quickly with long periods of genetic equilibrium in between

Contrast divergent and convergent evolution.

Divergent- Pattern of evolution in which species that once were similar to an ancestral species diverge.

Convergent- Pattern of evolution in which distantly related organisms evolve similar traits.