CULTURAL!!!

What is enkrateia and why was it important for male citizens in Classical Athens?

Enkrateia means 'self-rule', where a man should control his desires, person, wife, and household, as democracy should extend to the self.

What is a hoplite? What essential quality does he possess?

A hoplite is a citizen soldier who undergoes disciplined moral and physical training. His essential quality is andreia, the ability and willingness to stand one's ground.

What is a kindaidos?

A kindaidos is a man who wishes to be penetrated or is considered inappropriately feminine in behavior.

What does sophrosune mean for men and women in Classical Athens?

Sophrosune embodies restraint of appetites; for men it represents general self-restraint, while for women it emphasizes chastity.

How did Aeschines attack Demosthenes? Name three points.

Aeschines attacked Demosthenes by mocking him for dressing effeminately, calling him 'Batalos' to ridicule his stutter, and using sexually suggestive language.

What is hubris and what is its punishment?

Hubris is the violence done against a person against their will, including rape, with the punishment being the loss of citizenship.

What roles do an erastes and an eromenos play in Classical Athens?

The erastes is not to be penetrated and can be accused of hubris if he violates the eromenos' consent; the eromenos granting sexual favors easily may face prostitution accusations.

Why do erotic vases of men and boys rarely depict penetration?

They rarely show penetration, generally depicting intercrural sex, because penetration was viewed as socially inappropriate regarding the young boy's reputation.

What qualities does Demosthenes list for the ideal eromenos?

Demosthenes lists beauty, self-restraint, and bravery as qualities for the ideal eromenos.

How should an attractive boy behave around suitors?

An attractive boy should be restrained in their actions but able to please a partner, indicating excellence from the right kind of lover.

What is pederasty and how were Athenian attitudes towards it?

Pederasty is a social practice involving older men pursuing beautiful boys for sexual gratification in exchange for gifts and education; Athenian attitudes considered it normal to find young boys attractive.

What happens if an Athenian citizen is charged with prostituting themselves?

They lose the right to participate in citizenship rights, as being unable to control their sexual self raises concerns about their loyalty to the state.

What was the law against moicheia, or adultery?

It was illegal for a man to have sex with any citizen woman other than his wife or a prostitute, and he could not use another man’s slave without permission.

Stuprum

A 'shameful act' of sleeping with freeborn citizens, which is a concern in Roman society.

Complaints about Ovid's Writing

Encourages adultery and affairs, undercutting Augustus' morality laws and highlighting women's presence in public events.

Infames

Individuals who are suitable sexual partners but cannot be married, including prostitutes.

Role of Women in Marriage

Primarily for securing heirs and political gain, rather than for pleasure.

Patriarchal Symbols in Greece

Presence of phalli in art signifies a male-dominated society

Thought to bring good luck and serves protective purposes.

Divorce in Roman Society

Easily initiated by either party with little dispute over assets, leading to remarriage for political reasons.

Public vs. Private Life in Rome

Personal life, particularly regarding women's chastity, reflects on public honor and status, notably for imperial families.

Sexual Imagery in Pompeii

Notable archaeological findings that depict sex, including abundant phallic symbols in both public and private spaces.

Sex within Marriage

In ancient Rome, primarily focused on producing heirs rather than personal enjoyment.

Mutual Pleasure in Ovid and Medical Texts

Emphasized the importance of shared enjoyment during sexual experiences.

Sexual Attraction to Young Boys

Common theme in love poetry, raises issues of consent regarding penetrative acts.

weddings

-Wedding celebrations lasted three days, commencing on the day before the wedding (proaulia) and concluding the day after (epaulia).

Proaulia:

-the bride’s father offered sacfrifice to the gods.

-The bride-to-be offered her childhood toys to Artemis, a sign that she would now assume the responsibilities of a married woman.

-The bride’s girlfriends brought water for the nuptial bath. The water was carried in loutrophoroi from a spring which was believed to promote fertility.

-They formed a procession that was led by a flute plater, a small boy.

Wedding day:

0the homes of bride and groom were decorated with wreaths of myrtle leaves (assoc. with Aphrodite).

-In the women’s quarter, the ladies of the house dressed the bride and crowned her with a wreath, as instructed by the nympheutria.

-The groom, well-dressed and also crowned with a wreath, went to the house of the bride accompanied by relatives, friends and ‘best man’ (nympheutes).

-There, the bride’s father hosted a feast at which she appeared with her face covered by a veil.

>When the meal was over, the bride lifted her veil to reveal her face.

>With this, she officially passed from custody (kyrieia) of her father to that of her husband.

-At dusk, the groom took her by the hand and led his bride to her new home, accompanied by wedding guests.

-Sometimes the couple went to the groom’s house by carriage. A merry entourage of relatives and friends followed, holding torches, playing kitharas and auloi, and singing nuptial songs (hymenaios).

Epaulia:

-in the women’s quarter of her new home, the bride received gifts from relatives and friends, including painted vases and caskets, mirrors, combs and perfumes.

-On the same day, the bride’s father presented the groom with his daughter’s dowry, which had been agreed upon at the time of betrothal: money, furniture, clothing, precious objects and slaves

Sophrosune

Greek

Self control

For the ideal Athenian it must operate on all levels

Andreia

-Bravery

-Greek

Kurios

Head of the house

Greek

Oikos

household

Greek

Hoplite

Greek

Citizen soldier

Andron

Greek

Male quarters (bottom floor, monitor guests)

>Sarah Pomeroy The separation of the sexes was expressed in private architecture by the provision of separate quarters for men and women

>women usually inhabited the more remote rooms

>if the houses had two stories the wife along with female servants lived upstairs (to restrain the household slaves from breeding without permission)

Dowry

Financial contribution from wife’s family

Pederasty (and customs to protect boys)

Greek Custom in Athens

A practice for aristocratic boys to enter the social order of men

Older men would pursue them and in exchange for sexual favours would provide gifts and education

Most Athenian men found boys to be attractive sexual objects

>this didn’t preclude them from attraction to women

A boy of beauty should grant favours discreetly and with proper judgement

>schools and gymnasia were closed before dawn and after sunset to keep boys out of public spaces after dark

>penetration constituted hubris, a serious sexual charge, and it was thus important for the boys to be monitored and chaperoned

Symposium

Erastes

Greek

Older active male lover

Eromenos

Greek

Passive young male lover (before beard)

Aristocratic

as an eromenos you would be nurtured and tutored by your Erastes on citizenship in the gymnasia or at symposia

>may be more platonic (not acting on attraction)

Demosthenes instructed them to possess beauty in appearance, self restraint in your soul, and bravery with regard to both

>sophrosune, andreia

>young men must become perfect citizens

Kottabos

Greek

Game played at symposiums

Throw wine bits against a wall

Kinaidia

Greek

Effeminate man (connotation of enjoys penetration)

Demosthenes + Cleisthenes are accused (ad hominem attacks)

Enkrateia

Greek

Self mastery

The Persians were thought to lack it, requiring a king to obey

>trope of Persians as effeminate- did not embody the manly self-control that the ideal Athenian would need to have.

It applied on both a state and personal level

Hubris (crime)

Greek

To do against the will of a citizen (generally synonymous with rape)

Interfemoral

Sex between thighs

To satisfy desire in a pederastic relationship without penetration

Greek

Pandemian Eros

Greek

Uranian Eros

Greek

Lyric

Stanza

Chorus

Thiasos

Religious group

Lyre

Plectrum

Thought to have been invented by Sappho

Used to pluck lyre

Topos

Motif/theme

Applies to Sappho

Monody

Pothos

Greek

Deute

Greek

‘Again’

Represents motif of love as cyclical

Partheneia

Greek

Maiden song (typically sung at festivals)

Virtus

Roman

Courage, virtue, moral strength

Ideal for men

Pudicitia

Roman

Chastity

Ideal quality for women

Pietas

Roman

Piety to Gods, family, homeland

Cursus Honorum

Roman

Political system that men climb

Rhetoric

Roman

The ability to speak well

Prized and cultivated in men

Paterfamilias

Roman

The head of the household

Patria potestas

Roman

The legal power of the paterfamilias over the household

Stola

Roman

Dress for women

Mos Maiorum

Roman

The ways (morals) of the elders

Cum manu

Roman

Marriage where women are under their husbands control

Sine manu

Roman

Marriage where women are under their father’s control, could even live with them

could still inherit from father, acquire property, and divorce more easily

Infames

Roman

A roman without legal standing

(An actor, slave, prostitute, gladiator)

Could be killed with relative impunity

Univira

Roman

A one man woman

Cinaedus/pathicus

Roman

An effeminate man

Connotations of likes to be penetrated

Puer delicatus

Roman

A delicate boy

A slave for the master, often castrated to retain feminine youth

Arete

Roman

excellence

Eupatheia

Roman

Apatheia

Roman

Pathe

Roman

Affectus

Roman

Vice

Roman

Indifférents

Roman

Sage

Roman

Stuprum

Roman

Wrong sex

Eg rape or with a widow

Paraklausithyron

Roman

poem describing the locked out lover, the lover outside of the door

Locus amoenus

Roman

Erotic elegy

Roman

Didatic

Roman

Parody

Roman

Praeceptor

Roman

Lena

Roman

Bawd woman

Cultus

Roman

Proaulia

-The day before the wedding the bride’s father offered sacfrifice to the gods.

-The bride-to-be offered her childhood toys to Artemis, a sign that she would now assume the responsibilities of a married woman.

-The bride’s girlfriends brought water for the nuptial bath. The water was carried in loutrophoroi from a spring which was believed to promote fertility.

-They formed a procession that was led by a flute plater, a small boy.

Wedding day

-the homes of bride and groom were decorated with wreaths of myrtle leaves (assoc. with Aphrodite).

-In the women’s quarter, the ladies of the house dressed the bride and crowned her with a wreath, as instructed by the nympheutria.

-The groom, well-dressed and also crowned with a wreath, went to the house of the bride accompanied by relatives, friends and ‘best man’ (nympheutes).

-There, the bride’s father hosted a feast at which she appeared with her face covered by a veil.

>When the meal was over, the bride lifted her veil to reveal her face.

>With this, she officially passed from custody (kyrieia) of her father to that of her husband.

-At dusk, the groom took her by the hand and led his bride to her new home, accompanied by wedding guests.

-Sometimes the couple went to the groom’s house by carriage. A merry entourage of relatives and friends followed, holding torches, playing kitharas and auloi, and singing nuptial songs (hymenaios).

Epaulia

-The day after the wedding

-in the women’s quarter of her new home, the bride received gifts from relatives and friends, including painted vases and caskets, mirrors, combs and perfumes.

-On the same day, the bride’s father presented the groom with his daughter’s dowry, which had been agreed upon at the time of betrothal: money, furniture, clothing, precious objects and slaves

Why are female voices rare

Busy with domestic tasks

Rarely educated (except for hetaera, high class prostitutes, eg Aspasia)

Erinna

-Greek poet 4th

-she reflects on her friendship with another young girl and laments its loss

-her friend likely died, mortality rate for new mothers very high

-marriage cut friendships short

Peplos Kore

GREEK

Suggests the expectations of modesty

Covered

Archaic style 530BC

Anavyssis kouros

GREEK

Young men were objects of desire to other men

There is an emphasis/celebration of the male physique

Muscular to defend the city state

Archaic style 525BC

Affair court case

GREEK

-On the murder of Erastosthenes

>defending Euphilites

-When they first married she was treated as an outsider and monitored but later was trusted with household activities For she was clever and frugal

>after birthing a child she asked to live downstairs so she wouldn’t fall

>was using a slave girl to communicate with a man

>brought witnesses to see his wife in bed with him before killing him despite his pleas

Lysistrata

GREEK

-Play by Aristophanes

-Performed by men for men

>view women as sex crazed (men wish to be be able to control their wives)

-Anti war comedy, women organise a sex strike to force their husbands to stop fighting

Hegeso

GREEK

A grave stele

410BC

Displays a domestic scene- a wealthy woman choosing jewellery from a box

>to display familial wealth

Though she is covered her stola clings to her body (double standard)

the importance of brothels

Horace, quoting Cato, said that it was right for young men to go to brothels, so they didn't meddle with other men's wives.

Calpurnia

Pliny and his wife Calpurnia, whom he married when she was 14, 26 years younger than him.

Statue of Livia

ROMAN

Augustus’ wife

1 AD

Layers of clothing signalled wealth

Her stola is clinging yet modest

She has a dignified, regal, posture

Portrait of Terentius Neo and his wife

ROMAN

70 AD

The fresco depicts a woman holding writing equipment

>suggests women were literate and involved in her husbands work, helping in bakery admin