Q1M2- Environmental Challenges and Natural Resources

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Vocabulary flashcards that cover key environmental challenges, natural‐resource issues, climate concepts, and disaster terms discussed in the lecture.

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44 Terms

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Biodiversity

The total variety of life on Earth, from the smallest bacteria to the largest trees and animals.

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Coral Triangle

A Western Pacific region (including the Philippines) considered the global center of marine biodiversity, hosting roughly 1,000 reef‐fish species.

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Marine Biodiversity

The richness of life found in oceans and seas, especially abundant in the Philippine portion of the Coral Triangle.

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Solid Waste

Non-hazardous trash generated by households, businesses, agriculture, and other sources.

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Residential Waste

Garbage that comes from homes, accounting for about 56.7 % of Philippine solid waste.

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Commercial Waste

Trash produced by stores, restaurants, and other businesses, about 27.1 % of national waste.

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Institutional Waste

Refuse from offices, schools, and similar institutions, roughly 12.1 % of total waste.

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Industrial Waste

Non-hazardous waste originating from factories and industrial plants, around 4 % of the solid-waste stream.

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Biodegradable Waste

Organic, easily decomposed garbage; the largest Philippine waste category (≈52.31 %).

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Recyclable Waste

Materials that can be reused or processed again, about 27.78 % of total waste.

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Residual Waste

Trash that is neither recyclable nor compostable, comprising about 17.98 %.

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Special Waste

Small fraction (≈1.93 %) of trash requiring special handling, e.g., electronic or bulky items.

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Great Pacific Garbage Patch

A vast accumulation of mostly plastic debris floating in the North Pacific; one of five global oceanic garbage patches.

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Garbage Patches (Global)

Five major debris gyres located in the North & South Pacific, North & South Atlantic, and Indian Ocean.

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Deforestation

The large-scale clearance of forests, often for infrastructure, farming, or logging.

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Fuel-wood Harvesting

Cutting trees for charcoal or firewood, a driver of forest loss in the Philippines.

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Kaingin

The practice of slash-and-burn farming that removes forest cover and degrades soil.

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Overgrazing

Allowing too many livestock to feed on land, leading to vegetation loss and soil erosion.

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Infrastructure Development

Building roads, dams, grids, or subdivisions, often at the expense of forest areas.

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Water Shortage

Seasonal lack of sufficient clean water, notably in NCR, Central Luzon, CALABARZON, and Central Visayas.

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Coliform Contamination

Presence of fecal bacteria in water; 58 % of tested Philippine groundwater shows unsafe levels.

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Groundwater Contamination

Pollution of underground water sources, requiring treatment before drinking.

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Soil Degradation

Decline in farmland quality due to kaingin, overgrazing, deforestation, and improper plowing.

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Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture; supplies about 20 % of Philippine GDP and 70 % of agricultural output.

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Climate Change

Long-term alteration of global or regional climate patterns, driven by natural factors and human activities.

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Greenhouse Effect

Warming of Earth as greenhouse gases trap outgoing heat in the atmosphere.

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Greenhouse Gas

Any gas (e.g., CO₂, CH₄) that absorbs infrared radiation and contributes to the greenhouse effect.

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Water Vapor

Most abundant greenhouse gas; forms clouds and precipitation, enhancing atmospheric warming.

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Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

Greenhouse gas from respiration, volcanoes, and burning fossil fuels; a key driver of climate change.

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Toxic gas from incomplete combustion; also contributes to atmospheric chemistry affecting climate.

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Methane (CH₄)

Potent greenhouse gas from decaying waste, livestock manure, and rice paddies.

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Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)

Greenhouse gas emitted by fertilizer use, biomass burning, and fossil-fuel combustion.

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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Synthetic chemicals once used in refrigerants and aerosols; damage ozone and heat the planet.

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Industrial Revolution

18th-century shift to machine manufacturing that began large-scale fossil-fuel combustion and CO₂ emissions.

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Drought

Extended period of deficient rainfall; a common climate-change impact on agriculture.

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El Niño

Warm Pacific Ocean phase causing prolonged droughts and higher temperatures.

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La Niña

Cool Pacific phase bringing extended heavy rains and floods.

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Typhoon

A tropical cyclone affecting the Philippines; 19–30 enter PAR each year, mainly May–October.

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Storm Surge

Abnormal sea rise during a storm, producing widespread coastal flooding.

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Flood

Overflow of water onto normally dry land, often from heavy rain, typhoons, or clogged waterways.

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Landslide

Sudden downhill movement of soil and rock triggered by rain, quakes, volcanoes, or mining.

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Volcanic Eruption

Explosive release of magma, ash, and gases from an active volcano; 24 Philippine volcanoes are active.

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Earthquake

Ground shaking caused by sudden crustal movements; Philippine quakes range magnitude 1–7.

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Bureau of Soil and Water Management

Philippine agency identifying causes of declining farmland quality such as kaingin and overgrazing.