classical conditioning

Classical conditioning

The learning of a contingency between a particular signal and a later event that are paired in time/space

Contingency

When one event reliably predicts another, an association may be formed between these two events

Ivan Pavlov

Scientist who made an observation that dogs began to salivate before any food reached their mouth, signaling the early step of digestion

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Any stimulus that triggers a response naturally, , occurs without any prior learning

Unconditioned response (UR)

The response that occurs after the unconditioned stimulus , occurs naturally prior to learning, usually a biologically programmed reflex

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus to produce a learned contingency

Conditioned response (CR)

The response that occurs once the contingency between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus has been learned

Acquisition

learned contingency between US and CS

Extinction

Loss of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus no longer produces the unconditioned stimulus

Inhibitory response

A new response learned during extinction that counteracts the old response

Spontaneous recovery

The sudden recovery of a conditioned response following a rest period after extinction

Stimulus generalization

The process by which stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also cause the conditioned response

Generalization gradient

A graph used to test for stimulus generalization, , showing how similar stimuli elicit the conditioned response

Stimulus extinction/discrimination

Restricts the range of stimuli that can create a response

Learning how to predict the absence of a stimulus

CS+ and CS-

CS+

Signals the presence of a biological stimulus , such as learning when predators are around

CS-

Signals the absence of a biological stimulus, such as knowing when predators aren't around

Phobia

Exaggerated intense and persistent fear of certain situations, things, ppl

Implosive therapy

Confronting the conditioned stimulus that causes anxiety in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, accepting danger will not follow

Systematic desensitization

Gradually exposing a person to a gradient of feared stimuli over time

Homeostasis

The body's regulation of physiological processes to maintain balance (temp, glucose lvls)

Compensatory responses

Responses that counteract the effects of stimuli that threaten physiological regulation = increased drug tolerance in familiar environments

Drug withdrawal responses

The body's preparatory responses to drugs = increased discomfort when drug not administered

Learning

The acquisition of knowledge or skills based on experience, , separate from performance. does NOT require consciousness

Performance

The application of learned knowledge or skills

Latent learning

Learning that occurs without immediate observable changes but is retained over time

Enduring change

Changes in mechanism that are relatively lasting and considered learning, , even if the behavior is not performed immediately

Non-associative learning

Forms of learning such as habituation and sensitization that modify an existing stimulus-response relation without creating new associations

Orienting response

An automatic shift of attention towards a stimulus

Sensitization

An increase in responsiveness to stimuli after repeated exposure

Contiguity

The extent to which two stimuli occur close together in time and space

Reacquisition

Relearning a conditioned stimulus after extinction, typically occurring faster than the initial acquisition

Renewal/context effects

The reappearance of a conditioned response when returning to the original learning environment after extinction elsewhere

Inhibitory conditioning

Learning in which the presence of the conditioned stimulus predicts the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

Long-term potentiation

the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons. the more a neuron fires.the more a neuron fires, the stronger the synaptic connection

Why were relapse rates so low in returning vietman war vets?

they came home and the environment changed + now cues

what causes accidental opiod overdose?

different environment, body X predict use of drug

Anterior cingulate cortex

associated with reward, increased activity in the frontal lobe when drug is used

Drug tolerance

drug effects decrease with repeated administration leading to tolerance, body becoming less and less responsive to drug, body is more efficient at clearing drug from bloodstream

Dishabituation

fast recovery of a response that has undergone habituation

Extinction Trial

The CS is repeatedly presented alone to extinguish the CS-US association. Not to be confused with tests trials, where the CS is presented alone to test whether an association has been learned.

Habituation

A decrease in response to a stimulus when it is repeatedly presented without consequence. (eg. feeling clothes on you)

Which of the following is a characteristic of the conditioned response after spontaneous recovery?

CS repeated presented w/o US, then after rest period, the CR occurs at a reduced strength when the CS is presented alone again

Latent learning rat experiment

rat in maze tryna go to goal box

1. had food in box -> quickly learned route and would make it w few mistakes

2. no food -> make it to box but meander and wander

3. no food initially-> make it to box but meander and wander -> introduced food -> quickly run to box w few mistakes (like 1)
   even if no reward

what 2 factors are needed to consider something as learning?

1) endurance change = behaviour retained over time even if behaviour not performed in that time
2)behaviour must be based on experience

operant conditioning

learn that behaviour => particular outcome (behaviour in/decrease frequency based on consequence)

Frontal lobe in a healthy and addict brain

healthy : very active since frontal lobe responsible for decision making
addict: less active => poor decision making

Rat morphine experiment

rat get morphine at same routine, , Dif routine, and get no morphine = saline (naive).

the rat is placed on a hot plate, and observed how long it will stay on plate w/o licking paw

Rat morphine experiment result

drug effect greater for different cues since body can only respond after receiving drug, bot before

What did the metronome sound signal in Pavlov's experiment?

That food was about to be delivered.

What was the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

Salivation.

What is the conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov's experiment?

Sound of the metronome.

What is the unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov's experiment?

Placing food in the dog's mouth.

What type of response is a conditioned reflex?

A response that is conditioned upon training.

what did pavlov characterize the process of acquisition as

-vely accelerating curve = contingency learned slowly over trials, w most amt of learning occurring during early trials

can contingencies form after 1 trial?

yes, sometimes. ex) rats avoid unfamiliar food/eat small amt of food to pinpoint what makes them sick and learn to not eat those

instrumental conditioning

associate actions and consequences

do u need direct experience of a stimulus to elicit a response?

no. ex snake phobia

cons of implosive therapy

even though using imagination (CS w no US), it can lead to a traumatic experience and not extinction

short-delay conditioning

CS presented shortly (few sec) b4 US

what's rate of acquisition if CS and US presented simultaneously or if CS-US interval too brief?

rate decline sharply

what's effect of effectiveness on acquisition if CS-US interval too great?

less effective

Asymptotic Responding

The CR will increase in strength over successive trials, but it will eventually asymptote when the maximum physical response is elicited or the contingency is already maximally learned.

test trial

trial where CS presented w/o US. check if relationship bw CS and US formed

extinction trial

trial where CS repeatedly presented w/o US to extinguish relationship bw CS and US

Reacquisition

The reintroduction of conditioning trials after extinction has occurred. Reacquisition is faster than acquisition, indicating that some of the original learning is retained following extinction.

excitatory conditioning

CS predict US presence

what association does CS- evoke

inhibitory association

what association does CS+ evoke

excitatory association

higher-order conditioning

neutral stimulus paired with existing conditioned stimulus= another CR (multiple CS for same CR)