BIOL 1125 Final Exam

Science

knowledge about the natural world

Biology

a science that gathers knowledge about the natural world. Specifically, the study of life.

Hypothesis

a suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested

Descriptive Science

aims to observe, explore, and discover

Prediction

a possible outcome of a scientific test based on logically reasoning about a particular scientific idea

Constant

a condition that is the same between all of the tested groups

Quantitative

measurements gather numerical data

Qualitative

measurements describe a quality, rather than a numerical value

Tissue

a group of connected cells that have a similar function.

Organism

an individual living thing

Theory

a carefully thought-out explanation for observations of the natural world that has been constructed using the scientific method

Hypothesis-based science

begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested

Variable

any part of the experiment that can vary or change during the experiment.

Control Group

allows you to make a comparison that is important for interpreting your results. Control groups are samples that help you to determine that differences between your experimental groups are due to your treatment rather than a different variable – they eliminate alternate explanations for your results (including experimental error and experimenter bias).

Experimental Group

group members who are receiving the treatment

Basic Science

“pure” science seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge

Applied Science

“technology,” aims to use science to solve real-world problems, making it possible, for example, to improve a crop yield, find a cure for a particular disease, or save animals threatened by a natural disaster.

Organ

a structure that consists of two or more types of tissues that work together to do the same job

Population

an assortment of organisms of a species that live in the same place at the same time and interbreed

Scientific Method

a method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation

Inductive Reasoning

a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

Deductive Reasoning

a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results

Testable

ensures that a hypothesis is valid

Falsifiable

it can be disproven by experimental results.

Independent Variable

The variable that is being changed or tested

Dependent Variable

the thing (or things) that you are measuring as the outcome of your experiment.

Objective Data

fact-based, measurable, and observable

Subjective Data

based on opinions, points of view, or emotional judgment

Cell

The basic units of structure and function of the human body — as in all living things —

Organ System

a group of organs that work together to carry out a complex overall function.

Matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

Molecule

The smallest particle of most compounds in living things

Polymer

built of repeating units of smaller compounds called monomers

Protein

large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains.

Energy

The capacity for work. often stored by cells in biomolecules, particularly carbohydrates (sugars) and lipids. is released during the formation of chemical bonds

Simple sugars

the generic term for any disaccharides and monosaccharides. They are an essential structural component of living cells and a source of energy in many organisms.

glucose

the source of energy in cell function

nucleotide

a sugar, phosphate and base molecule that forms RNA and DNA.

plasma (cell membrane)

a semipermeable biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment.

DNA

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.

Organelle

a specialized subunit, within a biological cell, that has a specific function.

endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)

Vesicles

a tiny part of a cell comprised of fluid that is enclosed by a bilayer of lipids. The membrane that surrounds this also has a lamellar phase like the plasma membrane. They store and move materials inside the cell.

Concentration

the measure of the amount of a sub-component in a solution.

Sodium/potassium

a transmembrane protein pump found in animals’ cell (plasma) membrane. Its fundamental purpose is to transport sodium and potassium ions across the cell in the ratio of 3: 2. Since this entire process requires the cell’s metabolic energy in the form of ATP, it is considered an example of active transport. In the process, the pump helps stabilize membrane potential and is also necessary for creating conditions necessary for firing action potentials.

genes

A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and is transcribed into an RNA molecule that may function directly or be translated into an amino acid chain.

reactants

A substance that is altered or incorporated into another substance in a chemical reaction, especially a directly reacting substance present at the initiation of the reaction

element

a pure substance. It cannot be broken down into other types of substances.

chemical bond

a force that holds together the atoms of molecules.

carbohydrate

Any of a group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums and serves as a major energy source in the diet of animals.

nucleic acid

naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the main information-carrying molecules of the cell. They play a central role in determining the inherited characteristics of every living thing.

fatty acids

Any of a large group of monoprotic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils

glycogen

a form of glucose that your body stores mainly in your liver and muscles.

phospholipid

cytoplasm

eukaryotes

mitochandria

passive transport

simple diffusion

endocytosis

exocytosis

products

atom

the smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element. Every substance is composed of these

monomer

a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain

lipid

biochemical compound

amino acids

DNA

RNA

enzyme

ribosomes

nucleus

ATP

golgi apparatus

active transport

osmosis

mitosis

chemical reactions

a process that changes some chemical substances into others

epidermis

stratum basale

stratum spinosum

stratun granulosum

stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

dermis

reticular layer

papillary layer

hypodermis

sebaceous gland (oil gland)

eccrine gland (sweat gland)

Meissner’s corpuscle

pacinian corpuscle

collagen fibers

keratinocyte

keratin

melanocyte

melanin

skin

arrector pili

thermoreceptor