Paper 3 question structure

Question 2 - Ethics used in the study

DUDCAR - if there is or if there is not, how can they apply it, why is it bad that its not there

Question 2 - ethics in reporting the study

D(debrief)UAR - what they have and haven't used in reporting it, why it is needed if its not there, and how it may be recived by the public, is not confirming a stereotype

Question 3 - Credibility

→ Discuss how a researcher could ensure that the results of the study are credible

• credibility: the trustworthiness and believability of the information

• the internal validity → the extent to which the study actually demonstrates the relationship that it intended to

  • validity: whether a measure actually measures what it claims to be measuring

• member checking → check the results and conclusions with the participants

• triangulation

  • researcher triangulation - do more than one researcher and then compare data

  • method triangulation → use more than one method and then compare

  • data triangulation → more data and compare

• more credible if the researcher has experience

Question 3 - Bias

→ Discuss how the researcher in the study could avoid bias

• bias: a cognitive predisposition that can lead to one-sided interpreations solely reliant upon an individual's pre-existing beliefs, knowledge and opinions.

• peer review

• single and double-blind controls

• selection bias

  • cultural bias o self selection bias

  • ascertainment bias

  • use of leading questions

• personal reflexivity

• epistemological reflectivity

• sampling bias

• researcher bias

• participant bias

• triangulation

Question 3 - generalisability

Quantitative

• size of sample

  • is the sample large enough to be able to generalise

• sampling method

  • volunteer sampling - people are motivated or interested to join → not representative of the larger population

  • snowball sampling - may know the participants, may be all the same race or culture

  • opportunity sample - tend to use university students/psychology students → WEIRD

• sampling bias

  • is the sample representative of the larger population which it is drawn

  • cross culture

  • across age groups

  • different demographics

• ecological validity

  • task

  • environment

  • does this study have a high level of ecological validity? or is the experimental condition artificial and/or overly controlled?

    • can the findings be transferred to everyday settings? does it mirror what we are trying to find?

    • was the task true to life?

Question 3 - transferability

Qualitative (transferability) the degree to which the results of qualitative research can be generalised or transferred to other contexts or settings

• representational generalisation: can the findings be applied to populations outside the population of the study

  • population

• inferential generalisation

  • ecological validity

  • setting

• theoretical generalisation

  • has been enough found (valid info) to create a theory with?