IB History of the Americas Civil Rights review

Thurgood Marshall

the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education.

Plessy v. Ferguson

an 1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that separation of the races in public accommodation was legal, thus establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

a 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" education for black and white students was unconstitutional

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (1955)

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.

James Meredith

a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

a law that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin, or religion in public places and most workplaces

Freedom Summer

a 1964 project to register African-American voters in Mississippi

Fannie Lou Hamer

African American woman who worked for voter registration for African Americans in the South and helped establish the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), which successfully challenged the all-white Democratic party in Mississippi.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law that made it easier for African Americans to register to vote by eliminating discriminatory literacy tests and authorizing federal examiners to enroll voters denied at the local level

Malcolm X

Black Muslim leader who said Blacks needed to have separate society from whites, but later changed his views. He was assassinated in 1965.

Nation of Islam

a religious group, popularly known as the Black Muslims, founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion

Stokely Carmichael

an African-American leader of the 1960s who introduced the idea of 'black power'. He led the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in 1966 and was later a member of the Black Panthers.

Black Panthers

a militant African-American political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and to provide services in the ghetto

Black Power

a slogan used by Stokely Carmichael in the 1960s that encouraged African-American pride and political and social leadership

Kerner Commission

a group that was appointed by President Johnson to study the causes of urban violence and that recommended the elimination of de facto segregation in American society

Civil Rights Act of 1968

a law that banned discrimination in housing

CORE

Congress on Racial Equality (1942)

FOR

Fellowship of Reconcilliation

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1956) - forms after the Montgomery Bus Boycott in hopes of continuing the success of the boycott

SNCC

Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee

HFS

Highlander Folk School - training school for people to learn about Gandhian principles, social justice leadership training school - Jame's Lawson's school

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Color People (1909)

E.D. Nixon

an African-American civil rights leader and union organizer in Alabama who played a crucial role in organizing the landmark Montgomery Bus Boycott there in 1955.

Jo Ann Robinson

was an activist during the Civil Rights Movement and educator in Montgomery, Alabama.

Ralph David Abernathy

leader of the Civil Rights Movement, a minister, and a close friend of Martin Luther King Jr.

Coretta King

American author, activist, civil rights leader, and the wife of Martin Luther King, Jr. from 1953 until his death in 1968. She helped lead the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.

Ella Baker

joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, whose first president was Martin Luther King, Jr. She also worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to support civil rights activism on college campuses.

James Lawson

leading theoretician and tactician of nonviolence within the Civil Rights Movement. During the 1960s, he served as a mentor to the Nashville Student Movement and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and taught at the HFS

Diane Nash

successful civil rights campaign to integrate lunch counters (Nashville), the Freedom Riders who desegregated interstate travel, co-founded the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and co-initiated the Alabama Voting Rights Project and working on the Selma Voting Rights Movement.

John Lewis

chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was one of the "Big Six" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 March on Washington, played many key roles in the Civil Rights Movement and its actions to end legalized racial segregation in the United States.

James Farmer

President of CORE, organized Freedom Rides and Freedom Summer

A. Phillip Randolph

organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first predominantly African-American labor union.

Wallace D. Fard

co-founder of the Nation of Islam

Daisy Bates

American civil rights activist, publisher, journalist, and lecturer who played a leading role in the Little Rock Integration Crisis of 1957

Bayard Rustin

civil rights organizer and activist, best known for his work as adviser to Martin Luther King Jr.

Walter White

led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1931-1955

Charles Sherrod

key member and organizer of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Became the first SNCC field secretary and SNCC director of southwest Georgia. His leadership there led to the Albany Movement.

Elijah Muhammad

led the Nation of Islam (NOI) from 1934 until his death in 1975. He was a mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, and Muhammad Ali

Bob Moses

a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee on voter education and registration in Mississippi

Medgar Evans

worked to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi and to enact social justice and voting rights.

Muhammad Ali

Named Cassius Clay, in 1964, the young boxer shocked the world, making his conversion to Islam and his new name public. A member of the Nation of Islam.

Ross Barnett

prominent member of the Dixiecrats, Southern Democrats who supported racial segregation.

George Wallace

Wallace is remembered for his Southern neo-dixiecrat and "Jim Crow" positions during the mid-20th century period of the Civil Rights Movement, declaring in his 1963 Inaugural Address that he stood for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever," and standing in front of the entrance of the University of Alabama in an attempt to stop the enrollment of black students.

Louis Farrakhan

founding leader of the Nation of Islam

Bull Connor

American politician who served as an elected Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, for more than two decades. He strongly opposed activities of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.

W.E. DuBios

civil rights activist, leader, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, educator, historian, writer, editor, poet, and scholar

NAACP

Brown vs. Board of Education

SCLC (formed after)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

SNCC

Student Sit-ins

CORE (SNCC)

Freedom Rides

de jure segregation

separation enforced by law

de facto segregation

institutionalize segregations by personal attitude and action

Jim Crow Laws

designed to separate blacks and whites

Civil Rights Act of 1866

extended equal rights in contracts and employment

Withdrawal of Federal Troops

1877 - marks the end of Reconstruction

1st Klan

1865-1870s - formed in opposition of Reconstruction Policies and dies down as Jim Crow Laws took effect

2nd Klan

1915-1944 - "Golden Years" of the Klan - more politically active and socially acceptable. (Screening of the film, Birth of a Nation, for an enthusiastic President Wilson or the Klan march down Pennsylvania Avenue in DC in 1926)

3rd Klan

1946 - Revived in force after the Brown decision in 1955

13th Amendment

declared that slavery would not be allowed to exist in the US. Made slavery illegal except in the case of criminals

14th Amendement

Established citizenship stating, "nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the qual protection of the Laws

15th Amendment

Granted all men the right to vote regardless of, "race, creed, or condition of previous servitude."

Paternalism

Behavior, by a person, organization or state, which limits some person or group's liberty or autonomy for their own good. Paternalism can also imply that the behavior expresses an attitude of superiority (ex. South Africa, India, US Fitzhugh Document, Moral Diplomacy)

Patriarchy

A system of society or government in which the father or oldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line, or a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it