World civ exam one

Heirakonpolis, Egypt

Large dynamic community, buried their dead, means they had a religion, made pottery, oldest know zoo was there

Ahmose I

Pharaoh lead the Egyptians against the Hyksos using their own weapons against them, launches the new kingdom and eighteenth dynasty, asserts full control of Egypt.

Ameriement I

Greatest ruler of the twelfth dynasty, protected Egypt, built pyramids, took care of orphans and poor, assassinated in 1962.

Hyksos

People group Lead to Egypt to its down fall, they had horse drawn chariots

Hatshepsut

Was a woman king, made people refer and depict her as a man. Center of of power and was a great builder, created imported structures, encouraged peaceful projects, encouraged the expansion of trade

Thutmose III

Stepson of Hatshepsut, hated her and wanted to erase all memory of her including statues and writing. Great military leader was the Napoleon of ancient Egypt
Made the Obelisk

Amemhotep III

Was climax of Egyptian power, he had impressive diplomatic skills, talked with enemies rather than fighting. Built the Clossi of Memnon
Built 60 ft statue of himself

Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten

introduced worship of aton. changed his name to mean "servant of aton" his wife prompted him to do this and closed temples to other gods. set up new capital of akhetaten. Priest got mad at him

Tutankhamen (Tut)

Boy king nine years old, died at 19, discovered in 1922 found 5000 objects in his tomb, made Egypt fashionable

PHAROAH RAMSES II

Last great pharaoh, stopped the Hittites advance in the battle of Kadesh, largest chariot battle ever fought, made a peace treaty but the Hittie empire collapsed
He also was the pharaoh during the biblical exodus had a statue of himself in Memphis tn

New kingdom collapse

Plagues famine corruption civil unrest and incompetent rulers became part of the Persian empire

Athens and Sparta

The most powerful Greek city-states. Took different paths in the age of Nobles

Cleisthenes

Democrat who put power back into the popular assembly of Athens he known as the father of Athenian democracy

Tyrtaeus

Poet and military commander, told the youth of Sparta they needed to fight, Sparta became militaristic totalitarian state

Sparta

Unbending military discipline, intellectual stagnation

Cyrus the great

Brought Persia to greatness one of the greatest statesman of antiquity

Herodotus

The histories, father of history, kept track of the Persian war

Battle of Marathon

Sent an army to Athens to pay them back for helping the Ionians the Athens won even though their army was half the size

Battle of Salamis Bay

Athenian navy defeated the Persians by bringing them into a trap and ended the threat of invasion

Battle of Plataea

City sates came together to battle the remaining Persians

Dilian League

An alliance between all of the Greek city-states that if one of them gets attacked then the others will help. Athens uses this to start an empire.

Pericles

Athenian leader orator noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.

Thucydides

ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC)

Athens was defeated in

The Peloponnesian war

Battle of Chaeronea

Greeks last stand, Phillip II won, end of Greek rule and beginning of Macedonia rule

Humanism

Hellenic
Protagoras lead the sophist, thought that man was the measure of all things
Not interested in truth just winning arguments
They were in high demand

Sophocles

Hellenic
Greek writer of tragedies; thought man was the wonder of the world

Idealism

Hellenic
Combining the most beautiful of what was seen to creat something beyond this world, Plato was a idealist

Rationalism

Hellenic
Wisdom and reason, truth should be searched for for truths sake , Socrates lead this, wanted the world in a harmonious, proportiona, rational way

Three architectural styles of Hellenic era

Doric order: Phidias sculpted the detailing on the columns in the Parthenon
Ionic: columns had scroll like flutes slender bodies, architect was Mnesicles
Corinthian order: temple of Olympian Zeus

Polyclitus

Sculptor of the Doryphoros wrote canon and the model system

Phidias

sculptor of Zeus, Athena, Parthenon

Thales of Miletus

Pre-Socratic philosopher that believed that the nature of all matter is water

Sophists

Rhetoric was most important subject to teach, Socrates was a brilliant teacher and philosopher, thought that universal truth existed, developed Socratic dialogue

Plato

Student of Socrates believed in universal truth had the theory of ideas, world of forms, world of ideas

Aristotle

Thought reality was concrete wrote the doctrine of mean, we find virtue between two extremes

Alexander the Great

King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia won every battle he fought, Darrius III tried to fight Alexander in the battle if Gaugamela

Hellenistic successor states

Egypt: ptolemies dynasty, richest of the three successor states
Seleucid Empire: Syria, had trouble unifying because it contained many types of people
Leaders saw themselves as Gods
Antigonid Kingdom: Macedonia, kind Philip the IV

Hellenistic Style

Individualism, realism, empiricism, age of hero worship and scientific knowledge

Stoicism (Zeno)

To be happy is to want what you get
Nature is rational and good, desires of life were bad, don't show emotion

Epicureanism (Epicurus)

Happiness founded in academic pleasure, don't inflict unhappiness on others, they withdrew from the world and lived in an ivory tower

Cynicism (Diogenes)

Happiness was meeting one's natural needs, lived in poverty, leader lived in a clay pot and met Alexander the Great

Rome

Small city state, the patricians, Roman nobility formed the Roman republic, had a Roman senate

Hortensian Law (287 BC)

Gave the plebeian assembly to pass laws without being vetoed by the senate

Rome Civil war causes

Armies not loyal, corruption, commanders fighting for power

Hannabal

Went through the alps to attack the Roman's, had elephants, Roman's fell to Hannibal

Battle of Zama

Scipio defeats Hannibal and the Carthaginians

Julius Caesar

Ruled Rome in the last years of the republic, wanted authoritarian powers, established reputation in the Gallic wars built road and reduced debts but was killed by Brutus on March 14 th

Battle of Pharsalus

A battle in which Caesar faced Pompey's troops, even though they were half their size and Caesar still decisively won. It was short and Caesar had shown mercy, meanwhile, Pompey fled to Egypt.

Octavian/Augustus

Launches Rome into an empire, time of peaceful conditions, made the Pax Romana

Tragan

Good Roman emperor even dealt with the Dacians with grace for a time until it was necessary. Had 130 days of celebration which took place in the coliseum(round arches) Rome reached a territorial extent

Constantine

Legalized Christianity and made the edict of Milan

Roman style

Organization, advanced road systems, appian way, sewers, aqueducts, round arches

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

Fertile Crescent

an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

Polytheism

Belief in many gods

Cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.

Sargon

2340 B.C. leader of the Akkadians who overran the Sumerian city-state and set up the first empire

Akkadian Empire

began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years.

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.

Babylon

the chief city of ancient Mesopotamia and capitol of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia

The Code of Hammurabi

the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety

Phoenicians

located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform
Worked with bronze and iron
Grew grapes and made wine

Purple People

The Greek name for the Phoenicians, a culture that inhabited the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, so called becuase of the remarkable purple dye they produced form certain sea snails.

Seaborne merchants of the Mediterranean

The original name of the Phoenicians

Phoenician Alphabet

an alphabet that was developed by the phoenicians that became the model for later western alphabets used symbols and sounds first phonics system

Hebrews

the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)western end of the Fertile Crescent, believed in Yahweh

Yahweh

Hebrew name for God

Philistines

the traditional enemies of the Hebrews, had a kingdom in Canaan

Saul

The first king of Israel, fought the philistines,

David

Second king of Israel captured the city of Jerusalem

Solomon

(Old Testament) son of David and king of Israel noted for his wisdom (10th century BC) built the temple of Jerusalem

Temple of Jerusalem

Solomon built God's "house"

Israel/Samaria

The Northern Kingdom of Solomon that broke away after his death and its capital city.

Judah and Jerusalem

The Southern Kingdom of Solomon and its capital

Babylonian Captivity

50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from Judah and held in Babylon

Assyria, the Military Monarchy

An empire with brutal military force that had a campaign of expansion and domination stretched from capital of Nineveh to Egypt

Persians (Iranians)

Formerly an undo European group, that migrated to east Mesopotamia, ruler was Cyrus the great

Zoroaster

The founder of Persia's classical pre-Islamic religion, Zoroastrianism. Thought that people had free will and were to focus of good thoughts

Ahuramzda

god of goodness and creator of all living things, zoroastrianism

Avesta

Book that contains the holy writings of Zoroastrianism.

Zoroastrianism

A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.
Good behavior meant good after life and evil meant punishment

Minoan kingdom on Crete

Bronze age farmers and fishermen began trading and cities were formed, had social hierarchies, used Linear A writing, mythical king Minos

Mycenaeans kingdoms on Greek mainland

Had cities in Thebes, ruled by local kings and warrior aristocratics , king was Mycenae
First examples of metal armor

Aeschylus

father of greek tragedy, explores the rights of the individual, wrote a trilogy of plays, The Oresteria

Orestria Trilogy

Written by Aeschylus Themes of betrayal, murder, reconciliation

Sophocles

Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex

Euripides

one of the greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece (480-406 BC) had tragedies of flawed characters

Aristarchus of Samos

Hellenistic astronomer and mathematician that developed the heliocentric theory of the solar system. Hellenistic theory

Euclid

(circa 300 BCE), Greek mathematician. Considered to be the father of modern geomertry. Wrote the elements of geometry

Archimedes

(287-212 BCE) Greek mathematician and inventor. He wrote works on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic, and mechanics. He is best known for the lever and pulley.

Etruscans

A people who inhabited early northern Italy adopted the Greek alphabet, had a cultural life with cities that formed leagues

Jesus of Nazareth

a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem to deeply religious Jewish parents and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity