Proteins: Structures and Diversity

Name the subunits (monomers) of proteins

Animo acids

Generalized amino acid structure

Alpha carbon, Amino group, Hydrogen, Carboxyl group (COOH), Variable R side Chain

In one amino acid, the central carbon atom (also known as alpha carbon) is bound by a single covalent bond to an H atom and to three other groups of atoms which are ______, ______, ______

Amino, Carboxyl, Side or R

How many different amino acids are found commonly in living things?

20

Primary structure of protein

The type, number, and order of animo acids in the chain which varies from protein to protein.

The linear sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain

Primary structure of protein

The secondary protein structure

when various function groups (R groups) exposed on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds

The hydrogen bonds cause the amino acid to twist into a coiled configuration called the _____ _____ or to fold into an accordion pattern called a ___ ____ _____

Alpha helix

Beta-pleated sheet

How can one amino acid and another amino acid within the same polypeptide join together through hydrogen bonding to make a helix or pleated sheet

They are held in shape by hydrogen bonds that form between the Carbonyl O & Amino H

Tertiary structure

additional bonds between functional groups in secondary structure to form a 3D mass

Where does the interaction occur in teriatry structure

R groups

What kind of bond makes tertiary structure stable

covalent disulfide bonds

Quaternary Structure

more than one polypeptide form a large, multiunit protein

_______ structure is typical of antibodies and some enzymes that act in cell synthesis

Quaternary

Can proteins perform their normal functions when they are denatured?

No

How do enzymes affect the reaction rate?

Increase the rate of reaction

Catalysts

What can denature proteins?

heat, acid, alcohol, and some disinfectants disrupt (denature) the stabilizing bonds within the chains

What is lactase an example of?

An enzyme

What does lactase break down in the body? (disaccharide)

Lactose

Lactase breaks down Lactose into which two monosaccharides?

Glucose and Galactose

What are defense proteins?

antibodies

What hormone (protein) allows glucose from the blood to endter the body

insulin

What type of bonds are formed between adjacent amino acids?

Peptide

Are all proteins enzymes?

NO