Maddie Robinson Chapter 13: Gastroenterology

alimentary canal

digestive system

2 types of glands

endocrine and exocrine

endocrine glands

secretes hormones into the bloodstream

exocrine glands

secrets hormones into ducts (tubes in the body)

accessory exocrine glands

secrete enzymes and other substances into the digestive canal

what is special about the pancreas

both endocrine and exocrine

ingestion

eating

digestion

duodenum (1st part of small intestine)

absorption

of nutrients in jejunum and ileum (2nd/3rd parts of small intestine)

egestion

defecation/poop

food residues

undigested material (mostly fiber) in intestines post digestion

4 types of organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids/fatty acids, proteins, nucleic acids

divisions of alimentary canal

mouth

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine/colon

anus

fauces

hole in the back of mouth

superior labial frenulum

lips

inferior labial frenulum

lips

3 parts of tooth

crown, neck, root

enamel

covers crown

2 parts of crown

anatomical and clinical

anatomical crown

super portion covered by enamel

clinical crown

visible above the gums

root canal

infection of the pulp cavity

occlusal surface of crown

portion of crown that contacts opposing teeth

cusps

elevations present on the occlusal surface of the crown

incisors

biting

canines

tearing

premolars

grinding

molars

grinding and crushing

deciduous teeth

baby teeth

when do baby teeth come in

6 months after birth

total # of baby teeth

20

when do baby teeth fall out

6 years

total # of adult teeth

32

material of teeth

calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2

pulp cavity

• sensory nerve fibers (pain)

• innervated by maxillary and mandibular

• distal portion = root canal

dental caries

cavity

gingivitis

gum inflammation

pyorrhea

infection of tooth socket (alveolar socket)

impacted wisdom tooth

wisdom tooth comes in at an angle

mastication

mechanically break down food (chewing)

deglutition

swallowing

chemoreceptors

enables taste

3 types of tonsils

palatine, lingual, pharyngeal

adenoids

enlarged pharyngeal tonsils

tissue inside tonsils

macrophages, lymphocytes, WBC

immunoglobulins

inactivate foreign substances

tonsillitis

inflammation of tonsils

tonsillectomy

removal of tonsils

parotid salivary glands

in front/below ears

mumps

inflamed parotid glands

function of saliva

facilitates digestion; amylase breaks down starches

2 parts of palate

anterior and posterior

pharynx

throat

oropharynx

palatine tonsils

laryngopharynx

laryngeal aperture

bolus

ball of food

function of epiglottis

prevents food from entering laryngeal aperture

esophagus

extends from laryngopharynx to stomach (C-6 —> T-10)

peristalsis

moves food down

where is stomach located

upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity

acid reflux

gastroesophageal sphincter

3 parts of stomach

fundus, body, pylorus

gastroesophageal sphincter

valve; causes acid reflux/heartburn

pyloric sphincter

valve

greater curvature of stomach

outside curve

lesser curvature of stomach

inside curve

functions of greater omentum

cushions underlying organs, protects viscera from spread of infection, stores fat

gastric rugae

ridges

chyme

partially digested food (bolus)

where is hydrochloric acid created

parietal cells

where is pepsinogen created

chief principal cells

what does pepsin do

breaks down proteins

substances absorbed through the stomach

H2O, monosaccharides, alcohol, aspirin

gastric ulcer

sore

cause of gastric ulcers

helicobacter pylori

flatulence

gas; carbonated drinks, swallowing too much air

pyloric stenosis

constriction

length of small intestine

20 feet

3 parts of small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

function in the duodenum

breaks down food; nutrient absorption

function of jejunum and ileum

nutrient absorption and transit

lacteals

lymphatic organs; absorb fats from small intestine

function of microvilli in small intestine

increase surface to increase absorption

where is bile produced

liver

where is bile stored

gallbladder

what does bile contain

mucin, bilirubin, cholesterol, lecithin, fatty acids, bile salts

function of bile

emulsify (dissolve) fats in water

hepatopancreatic sphincter

liver and pancreas; allows digestive juices to be secreted

large intestine

absorb remaining water and electrolytes from food residue; liquid —> solid feces

ascending colon

goes up

transverse colon

goes across

descending colon

goes down

sigmoid colon

s-shaped

rectum

end of large intestine; connects sigmoid colon to anal canal

anus

terminal end

what are the sacculations on the large intestine called

haustra

main function of large intestine

water storage and bacterial digestion

bacteria in large intestine

E.coli (often leads to urinary tract infections)

function of appendix

lymphatic organs; lymphocyte WBC, WBCs, macrophages

vermiform

worm-like