post event discussion gap fill

post event discussion can occur when _____

there is more than one witness to an event

When witnesses from a crime discuss what they saw with each other, ______, causing those memories to be _____, due to ______ If the other witnesses are recalling incorrect details (misleading information), these details can contaminate the memory of other witnesses.

they may combine information from other witnesses with their own memories, changed when next recalled, the reconstructive nature of memory

If the other witnesses are recalling incorrect details (misleading information), these details can _____

contaminate the memory of other witnesses

(gabbert procedures) in pairs, participants (young and old adults) watched ____ in which _____.

a short film, a young girl stole money from a wallet

gabbert procedures: The participants were told _____ but were actually ____

they were watching the same film, watching different versions from different points of view

gabbert procedures: Each participant could see ____ and only one participant ____.

details that others could not, could actually see the crime being committed

gabbert procedures: Half the pairs were then allowed to ____ while _____.

discuss what they had seen with their co-witness, the other half could not

gabbert procedures: Each participant then _____

individually completed a questionnaire asking them about what they remembered seeing

gabbert findings: ___% of participants remembered seeing aspects of the event that they could not have seen in their own video (this information had been ____).

71, mentioned in discussion by their co-witness

gabbert findings: In the control group with no discussion , _____.

no participants recalled seeing aspects of the event that they could not have seen

gabbert findings: In the discussion group, ___% of participants, who had not actually witnessed the crime itself, nevertheless claimed the girl was guilty

60, nevertheless claimed the girl was guilty

gabbert conclusion: witnesses will often _____

go along with each other due to memory conformity

2 research methods strengths of gabberts study

lab experiment, real life application

research method weakness of gabberts study

low ecological validity

PED AO3 The bombing in Oklahoma by Timothy McVeigh in 1995

• One witness claimed to have seen the person that did the bombing with an accomplice

• Others did not see this

• Once the person starting sharing that they had seen this, others change their eyewitness testimonies

• The first person claiming to have seen an accomplice later claimed that they were wrong - this means that the other witnesses claiming to have seen them can’t have seen them

• supports gabberts study because what they found was that they were affected by post event discussion

• Real life example of memory conformity

bombing in Oklahoma AO3: One witness claimed to have seen the person that did the bombing ______. Others ____. Once the person starting sharing that they had seen this, _____. The first person claiming to have seen an accomplice_____ , this means that _______. supports gabberts study because what they found was that they were affected by post event discussion. Real life example of _____

with an accomplice, did not see this, others change their eyewitness testimonies, later claimed that they were wrong, the other witnesses claiming to have seen them can’t have seen them, what they found was that they were affected by post event discussion, memory conformity

PED AO3 Bodner

• If participants are told that anything they hear from others is second hand information and they should ignore it and only report their own recall, they are not influenced by post event discussion

• The effect of memory conformity can be reduced

PED AO3 Bodner: If participants are told that anything they hear from others is____ and they should ignore it and only report their own recall, _____. This suggests that_____

second hand information, they are not influenced by post event discussion, the effect of memory conformity can be reduced

PED AO3 Goodwin

In a study conducted by Goodwin, it was found that participants accounts of a crime were distorted by a co-witness providing deliberately misleading information. This was only the case when the participants memory was tested in the presence of the co-witness and that when the participants were alone their accounts were not distorted. This suggests that the effects of post-event discussion were due to normative social influence

PED AO3 Goodwin: In a study conducted by Goodwin, it was found that ______. This was only the case when ____ and that _____. This suggests that _____

participants accounts of a crime were distorted by a co-witness providing deliberately misleading information, the participants memory was tested in the presence of the co-witness, when the participants were alone their accounts were not distorted, the effects of post-event discussion were due to normative social influence