Study Guide: Transport in Animals and Diseases and Immunity

IGCSE

What Is the function of the circulatory system?

The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, maintaining homeostasis and supporting cellular function.

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle.

What is the role of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)?

Red Blood Cells transport oxygen using hemoglobin.

What is systemic circulation?

Systemic circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the body and back.

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Active immunity occurs when the body produces its own antibodies, while passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from another source.

What is the purpose of vaccination?

Vaccines introduce a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate an immune response without causing disease.

What are pathogens?

Pathogens are microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, that can cause disease in a host organism.

How do bacteria cause disease?

Bacteria can cause infections by producing toxins that damage tissues or disrupt normal physiological functions.

What is the mechanism by which viruses cause disease?

Viruses invade host cells, hijacking their cellular machinery to replicate, often leading to cell death and tissue damage.

What are white blood cells (WBCs) and their role in immunity?

White blood cells are crucial components of the immune system that respond to infections; they include different types like neutrophils and lymphocytes.

What is the role of antibodies in the immune response?

Antibodies are proteins produced by B-cells that identify and neutralize pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

What is the immune system's response to disease?

The immune system recognizes pathogens and mobilizes WBCs, antibodies, and other mechanisms to eliminate them.