biol 206 1

Microbes are _____________.

Ubiquitous

Which microorganisms are prokaryotic?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which microorganisms are eukaryotic?

Fungi, protozoa, algae, helminthes

Which microorganisms are acellular?

Viruses

What makes up the cell walls of bacteria?

peptidoglycan

Penicillin inhibits what in bacteria?

inhibits bacteria from making peptidoglycan walls

How do bacteria divide?

binary fission

Which microorganism do antibiotics work against?

Bacteria

_________ % of microorganisms are pathogenic.

Less than 1%.

List the functions of microorganisms as a whole.

1. carbon producers via photosynthesis 2. produce industrial chemicals 3. produce fermented foods 4. recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorous 5. serve as a food source in the ocean

True/False: archaea usually don't cause issues in humans.

True

True/False: archaea causes dental plaque.

True

True/False: archaea have walls made of peptidoglycan just like bacteria cell walls.

False

Different ______________ allows archaea to withstand ________________________.

cell membrane lipids; extreme conditions

Define thermophiles, halophiles, methanogens.

Archaea can withstand 1) high heat 2) high salt 3) high methane gas levels.

What kind of eukaryotic microorganism is not a common human pathogen?

Algae

Helminths such as flatworms and round worms are types of __________________.

Parasites.

True/False: protozoans produce mild infections in humans.

False; they produce the nastiest infections.

Protozoans love ________________ (warm/cold) environments.

warm.

__________________ are becoming more prevalent bc of global warming.

protozoans.

Giardia is a type of _________________.

protozoan.

Giardia causes what well known condition among hikers/campers?

Backpackers diarrhea.

Giardia makes a _____________ making it hard for _____________ tablets to kill them off.

cyst; chlorine.

True/False: viruses are independently living.

False.

Viruses are more complex than _______________ but less complex than _______________.

molecules; cells.

Dr J argues that viruses are __________________ (living/nonliving).

living.

Define obligate intracellular parasite.

Only replicate inside a living host.

List the two arguments for viruses being non-living.

1. they cannot reproduce or do metabolism on their own 2. they are missing lipids and carbohydrates (two of the essential macromolecules of life).

List the argument for viruses being living.

They consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat (protein coat + nucleic acid = nucleocapsid).

Prions are a subclass of viruses which are _______________ (cellular/acellular).

acellular.

Prions _______________ (do/do not) contain DNA/RNA.

do not.

How do microorganisms produce energy?

photosynthesis.

How do microorganisms affect the atmosphere?

They change the atmosphere from one without O2 to one with O2.

The production of O2 by microorganisms led to what two things?

Aerobic respiration; formation of the ozone.

Photosynthetic organisms account for over _____ % of the earth's photosynthesis.

70%.

Decomposition breaks down dead matter into _________________ which are directed back into the natural cycles of living things.

simple compounds.

Bacteria decomposes bodily tissue converting it into __________ & _____________.

liquids and gases.

Explain the theory of evolution in relation to microbiology.

Soon after the earth was formed, the first ancient cells formed. From these two types of single-celled organisms developed bacteria and archaea. After >1Bil Yrs, eukaryotes appeared.

Algae is used to produce __________________.

biofuel.

Bacteria and fungi influence what 5 characteristics in fermented foods?

FOTAC: flavour, odor, texture, acidity, colour.

Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in __________________.

gene therapy.

Define recombinant DNA technology.

the technique for designing GMOs by transferring genetic material from one organism to another and to deliberately alter DNA.

Genetically modified bacteria are used to _______________________________ .

protect crops from insects and from freezing.

What three factors are required for successful bioremediation?

H2O, O2, microbes.

Bioremediation reduces what three main contaminants?

pesticides, solvents, heavy metals.

Bioremediation uses microbes' ______________ to break down chemicals that are harmful to other organisms.

large capacity.

How is bioremediation commonly used?

treatment of water and sewage.

Bacteria metabolizes __________ to useable compounds __________ and ____________.

N2, nitrate, ammonia.

Bacillus thuringiensis is a ___________ which produces _________ and ___________.

fertilizer, endospores and crystals.

Bacillus thuringiensis is harmless to other organisms.

True.

Bacteria _______________ carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorous turning them back into _______________ for plants and animals.

recycle; usable forms.

Which two lower respiratory tract infections are the deadliest?

Pneumonia and influenza.

In recent years, there has been a/an ____________________ (increase/decrease) in microbes that are resistant to drugs.

increase.

Recent studies have shown more ____________ effects of microbes causing slow destructive diseases.

Subtle.

_________________ (infectious/non infectious) diseases are caused by microbes and may communicable.

Infectious.

__________________ (infectious/non infectious) diseases are not caused by microbes and are not communicable.

non infectious.

___________________ is the concept that life springs from non living material.

spontaneous generation/abiogenesis.

Define biogenesis.

living organisms arise from preexisting life.

What is the germ theory of disease?

a particular infectious disease is caused by a particular microorganism.

Who invented the ethical codes/oath for healthcare?

Hippocrates.

What bacteria causes the bubonic plague?

Yersinia pestis.

Bubonic plague was transferred from what?

Fleas who transfer bacteria to a new host via blood meal.

The primary consequence of the bubonic plague is _____________.

swelling of the lymph nodes becoming buboes.

Intravascular coagulation + subcutaneous hemorrhaging = ?

necrosis/gangrene.

True/False: the pneumonic plague is not contagious.

False; it is highly contagious.

What causes pneumonic plague?

Breathing in yersinia pestis.

List the differences in dealing with COVID-19 vs. dealing with the bubonic plague or Spanish flu.

1. we know what causes diseases 2. we know how disease spreads 3. we know how to fight disease 4. past data available.

What experiment did Redi do and what was the outcome?

Used two pieces of meat, one enclosed and one in open air; proved biogenesis with larger organisms.

How did Leeuwenhoek contribute to microbiology?

1. described microorganisms using his microscope invention 2. proved microbes moved with purpose 3. called bacteria 'animalcules'.

Who is considered to be the father of bacteriology?

Leeuwenhoek.

What experiment did Jablot do and what was the outcome?

Two sets of broth, one sealed, one open; proved biogenesis.

What experiment did Needham do and what was the outcome?

Repeated Jablot's experiment; proved spontaneous generation.

What experiment did Spallanzani do and what was the outcome?

Repeated Jablot's experiment; proved biogenesis.

What did Joseph Priestly contribute to microbiology?

He discovered O2.

What experiment did Schwann and Schultz & Schroder and Von Dusch do and what was the outcome?

Repeated Jablot's experiments using barriers to prohibit bacteria from entering.

What stoppers did Schwann and Schultz use in their experiment?

Heated air inlet.

What did Pasteur contribute to microbiology?

1. disproved spontaneous generation 2. invented fermentation and pasteurization 3. developed several vaccines 4. understanding of food spoilage.

Define pasteurization.

the application of high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria.

___________________ was common in women giving births in hospitals causing high death rate.

Streptococcus bacteria causing infection.

Semmelweis introduced _____________ to prevent infection.

Hand washing.

Joseph Lister contributed what during the golden age of microbiology?

Used a chemical disinfectant and heat sterilized instruments.

Joseph Lister claimed 'Father of ________________'.

Antiseptic surgery.

What two medical accomplishments were made in the Golden Age of Microbiology?

Germ Theory, Aseptic/Sterile techniques.

Who is considered to be the pioneer of modern nursing?

Florence Nightingale.

What did Florence Nightingale do?

Insisted on better hygiene in field hospitals.

Who proved germ theory?

Robert Koch.

What are Koch's postulates used for?

Used to prove the cause of an infectious disease.

List Koch's postulates.

1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host. 3. The pathogen must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy animal. 4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal.

Koch's wife suggested _________________ to be used in culturing pathogens.

Using agar as a solid media.

What is an etiological agent?

A biological agent that causes illness or death.

Who developed the Petri dish and what is its purpose?

Koch; allows isolation of pure cultures.

How did Edward Jenner contribute to microbiology?

Used cowpox to protect individuals from smallpox.

What is the first and only disease believed to have been eradicated from the planet?

Smallpox.

Describe the two types of chemotherapy.

Type 1: uses chemicals and dyes; Type 2: uses antibiotics.

Antibiotics are produced by what?

Bacteria and fungi.

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

Fleming, penicillin.

Describe the DNA of a prokaryotic cell.

a nucleoid contains one circular DNA chromosome; no nucleus.

Prokaryotes lack ____________ allowing them to divide and multiply faster.

histones.

Prokaryotic cells lack __________________ organelles.

membrane-bound.

What differentiates a nucleoid from a nucleus?

It lacks a membrane.