biol 206 1

Microbes are _____________ meaning that they can be found everywhere from the earth's crust to plants and animals

Ubiquitous

Which microorganisms are prokaryotic?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which microorganisms are eukaryotic?

Fungi, protozoa, algae, helminthes

Which microorganisms are acellular (neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic)?

Viruses

What makes up the cell walls of bacteria?

peptidoglycan

Penicillin inhibits what in bacteria?

inhibits bacteria from making peptidoglycan walls

How do bacteria divide?

binary fission

Which microorganism do antibiotics work against?

Bacteria

_________ % of microorganisms are pathogenic

Less than 1%

List the functions of microorganisms as a whole

1. carbon producers via photosynthesis

2. produce industrial chemicals

3. produce fermented foods

4. recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorous

5. serve as a food source in the ocean

Tre/False: archaea usually don't cause issues in humans

True

True/False: archaea causes dental plaque

true

True/False: archaea has walls made of peptidoglycan just like bacteria cell walls

false

Different ______________ allows archaea to withstand ________________________ such as high temperatures

cell membrane lipids; extreme conditions

Archaea are thermophiles, halophiles, methanogens. Define these terms.

Archaea can withstand 1) high heat 2) high salt 3) high methane gas levels

What kind of eukaryotic microorganism is not a common human pathogen?

Algae

Helminths such as flatworms and round worms are types of __________________

Parasites

True/False: protozoans produce mild infection in humans

false, they produce the nastiest infections

Protozoans love ________________ (warm/cold) environments

warm

__________________ are becoming more prevalent bc of global warming

protozoans

Giardia is a type of ________________

protozoan

Giardia causes what well known condition among hikers/campers?

Backpackers diarrhea

Giardia makes a _____________ making it hard for _____________ tablets to kill them off

cyst; chlorine

True/False: viruses are independently living

false

Viruses are more complex than _______________ but less complex than _______________

molecules; cells

Dr J argues that viruses are __________________ (living/nonliving)

living

Define obligate intracellular parasite

Only replicate inside a living host

List the two arguments for viruses being non living

they cannot reproduce or do metabolism on their own; they are missing lipids and carbohydrates (two of the essential macromolecules of life)

List the argument for viruses being living

They consist of DNA or RNA court surrounded by a protein coat (protein coat + nucleic acid = nucleocapsid)

Prions are a subclass of viruses which are _______________ (cellular/acellular)

acellular

Prions _______________ (do/do not) contain DNA/RNA

do not

How do microorganisms produce energy?

photosynthesis

How do microorganisms affect the atmosphere?

They change the atmosphere from one without O2 to one with O2

The production of O2 by microorganisms led to what two things allowing for an explosion of species diversification?

Aerobic respiration; formation of the ozone

Photosynthetic organisms account for over _____ % of the earth's photosynthesis

70%

Decomposition breaks down dead matter into _________________ which are directed back into the natural cycles of living things

simple compounds

Bacteria decomposes bodily tissue converting it into __________ & ____________

liquids and gases

Explain the theory of evolution in relation to microbiology

Soon after the earth was formed, the first ancient cells formed. From these two types of single celled organisms developed bacteria and archaea. After >1Bil Yrs, eukaryotes appeared

Algae is used to produce __________________

biofuel

Bacteria and fungi influence what 5 characteristics in fermented foods?

FOTAC

flavour, odor, texture, acidity, colour

Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in __________________

gene therapy

Define recombinant DNA technology

the technique for designing GMOs by transferring genetic material from one organism to another and to deliberately alter DNA

Genetically modified bacteria are used to _______________________________

protect crops from insects and from freezing

What three factors are required for successful bioremediation?

H2O, O2, microbes

Bioremediation reduces what three main contaminants?

pesticides, solvents, heavy metals

Bioremediation uses microbes' ______________ to break down chemicals that are harmful to other organisms

large capacity

How is bioremediation commonly used?

treatment of water and sewage

Bacteria metabolizes __________ to useable compounds __________ and ____________

N2, nitrate, ammonia

Bacillus thuringiensis is a ___________ which produces _________ and ___________. Insects ingest _________ and breaks it into small pieces that assemble into a porin the gut and breaks down the __________ tract. It is ______________ to other organisms.

Bacillus thuringiensis is a FERTILIZER which produces ENDOSPORES and CRYSTALS. Insects ingest ACTIVATED CRYSTALS and breaks it into small pieces that assemble into a porin the gut and breaks down the DIGESTIVE tract. It is HARMLESS to other organisms.

Bacteria _______________ carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorous turning them back into _______________ for plants and animals

recycle; usable forms

Which two lower respiratory tract infections are the deadliest?

Pneumonia and influenza

In recent years, there has been a/an ____________________ (increase/decrease) in microbes that are resistant to drugs

increase

Recent studies have shown more ____________ effects of microbes causing slow destructive diseases such as female infertility, some cancers, and several neural disorders

Subtle

_________________ (infectious/non infectious) diseases are caused by microbes and may communicable

Infectious

__________________ (infectious/non infectious) diseases are not caused by microbes and are not communicable

non infectious

___________________ is the concept that life springs from non living material

spontaneous generation/abiogenesis

Define biogenesis

living organisms arise from preexisting life

What is the germ theory of disease?

a particular infectious disease is caused by a particular microorganism

Who invented the ethical codes/oath for healthcare?

Hippocrates

What bacteria causes the bubonic plague?

Yersinia pestis

Bubonic plague was transferred from what?

Fleas who transfer bacteria to a new host via blood meal ---- common in rodents

The primary consequence of the bubonic plague is _____________

swelling of the lymph nodes becoming buboes filling with blood thus resulting in necrosis

Intravascular coagulation + subcutaneous hemorrhaging = ?

necrosis/gangrene (dead tissue with gas)

True/False: the pneumonic plague is not contagious

false; it is highly contagious

What causes pneumonic plague?

Breathing in yersinia pestis

List the differences (4) in dealing with COVID-19 now vs. dealing with the bubonic plague or Spanish flu then?

1. we know what causes diseases

2. we know how disease spreads

3. we know how to fight disease

4. past data available to use

What experiment did Redi do and what was the outcome?

Used two pieces of meat, one enclosed and one in open air; proved biogenesis with larger organisms such as flies and maggots

How did Leeuwenhoek contribute to microbiology? (3)

1. described microorganisms using his microscope invention

2. proved that microbes moved with a purpose

3. called bacteria "animalcules"

Who is considered to be the father of bacteriology?

Leeuwenhoek

What experiment did Jablot do and what was the outcome?

Two sets of broth, one sealed, one open; proved biogenesis

What experiment did Needham do and what was the outcome?

Repeated Jablot's experiment, but proved spontaneous generation (likely through contamination of materials resulting in bacterial growth in sealed container)

What experiment did Spallanzani do and what was the outcome?

repeated Jablot's experiment; proved biogenesis

What did Joseph Priestly contribute to microbiology?

He discovered O2

What experiment did Schwann and Schultz & Schroder and Von Dusch do and what was the outcome?

Repeated Jablot's experiments using barriers to allow air to come in but to prohibit bacteria from entering

What stoppers did Schwann and Schultz use in their experiment to filter out bacteria but allow for air entrance? Schroder and Von Dusch?

Schwann and Schultz: heated air inlet

Schroder and Von Dusch: cotton plug

What did Pasteur contribute to microbiology? (4)

1. definitively disproved spontaneous generation using a curved neck flask (swan neck) preventing bacteria from entering but allowing O2 to enter

2. invented fermentation and pasteurization

3. several vaccines including anthrax and rabies

4. understanding of food spoilage

Define pasteurization

the application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria

___________________ was common in women giving births in hospitals causing high death rate

Streptococcus bacteria causing infection

Semmelweis introduced _____________ to prevent infection

Hand washing with chlorinated lime solution

Joseph Lister contributed what during the golden age of microbiology?

took credit for using a chemical disinfectant and heat sterilized instruments to prevent wound infections

Joseph Lister claimed "Father of ________________"

Antiseptic surgery

What two medical accomplishments were made in the Golden Age of Microbiology?

Germ Theory, Aseptic/Sterile techniques

Who is considered to be the pioneer of modern nursing?

Florence Nightingale

What did Florence Nightingale do?

Insisted on better hygiene infield hospitals (documented unsanitary conditions) and founded the first school of nursing

Who proved germ theory?

Robert Koch

What are Koch's postulates used for?

used to prove the cause of an infectious disease; still used today

List Koch's postulates

1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.

3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it's inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.

4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

Koch's wife suggested _________________

Using agar as a solid media

What is an etiological agent?

A biological agent that causes illness or death

Who developed the Petri dish and what is it's purpose?

Koch; allows air in but keeps contaminants out allowing for isolation of pure cultures

How did Edward Jenner contribute to microbiology?

Used cowpox (vaccinia) vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox (variola virus)

What is the first and only disease believed to have been eradicated from the planet?

Smallpox

Describe the two types of chemotherapy

Type 1: uses chemicals and dyes

Type 2: uses antibiotics

Antibiotics are produced by what?

Bacteria and fungi to inhibit or kill other microbes

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

Fleming, penicillin ("Flem Fleming antibiotics")

Describe the DNA of a prokaryotic cell.

a nucleoid contains one circular DNA chromosome; no nucleus

Prokaryotes lack ____________ allowing them to divide and multiply faster

histones

Prokaryotic cells lack __________________ organelles

membrane-bound

What differentiates a nucleoid from a nucleus?

It lacks a membrane

True/False: all prokaryotes have cell walls

True

A prokaryotic plasma membrane is _______________ (more/less) complex than a eukaryotic plasma membrane

Plasma membrane proteins in a prokaryote function like ________________

Organelles

A prokaryotic cell membrane has ______________ (more/less) peripheral proteins than integral proteins

less

List the functions of plasma membrane proteins in prokaryotic cells (6)

1. enzymes

2. part of ETC

3. channels

4. carriers

5. receptors

6. sensors

Why is ETC located in the plasma membrane of a prokaryote?

Because it lacks mitochondria

Prokaryotic cell membrane is made of what lipid?

Hopanoids

Why do prokaryotes have to have a cell wall?

The plasma membrane consists of sterol instead of cholesterol which provides weaker support/stability thus requiring a cell wall

Where does photosynthesis occur in prokaryotes?

Plasma membrane

Where are ribosomes located in a prokaryotic cell?

cytoplasm and attached to the plasma membrane

Describe the size of prokaryotic ribosomes and each compartment that makes it up

30S subunit + 50S subunit = 70S subunit (because they overlap resulting in a smaller overall shape)

Why is the size difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes clinically relevant?

Allows drugs to kill the bacteria by targeting its ribosomes without killing the host of the bacteria

What is the purpose of inclusions, granules, vesicles, vacuoles in prokaryotes?

store compounds when nutrients are abundant and utilize the compounds when nutrients are scarce

Bacteria reside in a _______________ (hypertonic/hypotonic) environment resulting in osmotic stress on the cell

Hypotonic

How does a cell wall aid prokaryotic cells in regards to its environment?

It prevents the cell from exploding due to the hypotonicity of the environment

____________________ are covered cylinders which orient the bacteria in its environment

gas vacuoles

How do gas vacuoles affect a bacterial cell?

they fill with O2 allowing the bacteria to float away from minerals and release gas to allow bacteria to sink towards minerals

Gas vacuoles contain _______________, an iron oxide which acts as a magnetic compass

magnetosomes

Prokaryotic granules have many of the same properties as ________________, but provides a ______________ alternative

plastic; biodegradable

Nucleoids replicate __________________ (independently/dependently) of the chromosome termed __________________ replication

independently, autonomous

Describe prokaryotic cytoskeleton (4)

1. proteins which are similar to actin

2. functions as internal scaffolding giving stability and shape

3. aids in building cell wall

4. helps with cell division

Gram staining allows for _________________

differentiating between categories of cells

Gram positive cells stain ______________ while gram negative cells stain _____________

purple, red (feel negative about red riders)

Positive stains have a ________________ charge and negative stains have a ______________ charge

negative, negative

Describe the structure of a gram positive cell

cell membrane surrounded by thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan

The space between the cell membrane and cell wall is called the ______________

periplasmic space

Gram positive cells are _____________ (more/less) complicated in structure than gram negative cells

less (feel negative about complicated stuff)

Describe the structure of a gram negative cell

Cell membrane is surrounded by a thin cell wall made of peptidoglycan also surrounded by an outer membrane made of LPS

How many periplasmic spaces does a gram positive cell have? A gram negative cell?

+ = 1

- = 2

Penicillin inhibits _______________ making the ___________ more vulnerable thus it is used to kill _________________ not ___________________

formation of a cell wall,

gram positive cell,

gram positive cells,

gram negative cells

Why do gram positive and negative cells differ in vulnerability to penicillin? (specifically)

Gram negative cells have an extra outer membrane making it harder for the penicillin to push through to the cell wall while gram positive cells have an exposed cell wall for easy access by penicillin

Why is the periplasmic space important?

1. highly metabolically active

2. contains periplasm, proteins, and enzymes

The periplasmic space is prokaryotic cells can be compared to _______________ of eukaryotic cells

mitochondrial space

What are lytic virulence factors?

factors which increase virulence (ie: how pathogenic, how easy to infect, etc) and resistance to drugs

Lytic virulence factors are __________________ located in the ___________________ of pathogens

enzymes, periplasmic space

Some bacteria have _____________ in the periplasmic space which breaks down penicillin

Penicillinase

Only ______________ can attach peptidoglycan and are found in all bodily fluids and secretions

lysosomes

Peptidoglycan is made of _________________ chains of ______________ and _____________ attached by _________________

repeating, NAM, NAG, B1-4 linkages

_____________________ of peptidoglycan indicates to the immune system that the bacteria is foreign

Peptidoglycan

Lysosomes __________ the B1-4 linkages of the cell wall causing it to gradually __________ until the cell wall is ________________

cut, thinner, gone

Once the cell wall of a pathogen is destroyed, what happens to the cell?

Water flows down a concentration gradient into the cell making it swell and explode

Only gram positive cell walls have __________ and ______________

teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids

In a gram positive cell, the _________________ causes the cell to be negatively charged

cell walls

The ____________ in gram negative cells is bigger than the cell wall

periplasmic space

The _____________ in the ______________ of a gram negative cell makes the whole cell negatively charged

lipopolysaccharide (LPS), outer membrane

List the three parts of LPS and what they do.

O Polysaccharide antigen: trigger the immune system to change the sugars to escape the immune system;

Core polysaccharide;

Lipid A: highly conserved toxic portion of LPS required for cell survival

True/False: Lipid A is a non toxic antigen of bacteria

false; very toxic to us

True/False: Lipid A is required for gram negative cell survival

true

True/False: both gram positive and gram negative cells have LPS

false; LPS makes up the outer membrane which only the gram negative bacteria have

List the functions of LPS (3)

1. creates permeability layer

2. responsible for the negative charge of the cell

3. stabilizes the outer membrane thus stabilizing the cell wall

The most prominent protein in the outer membrane is what?

Braun's lipoproteins

Bacteria have ______________ (the same/different) porins with _______________ (the same/different) sizes

different, different

What is the importance of porins to bacteria?

The smaller porins inhibit larger drugs to enter thus making it harder to kill them

Define antigen

Any molecule that binds to an antibody

Prokaryotic glycocalyx contains what?

lipids and polysaccharides

A __________________ is a neatly organized glycocalyx of a prokaryotic cell

capsule

A ___________________ is an unorganized and loose glycocalyx of a prokaryotic cell

slime layer

What are the benefits that a glycocalyx provides to a bacteria cell? (6)

1. prevent phagocytosis

2. protect against desiccation (drying out)

3. keeps bacteriophages out

4. keep hydrophobic toxic ions out like drugs and detergents

5. aid in bacterial attachment to the host

6. virulence factor

What prokaryotic structures provide cell motility?

Flagella and axial filaments

What prokaryotic structures aid in cell attachment?

fimbriae and pilli

True/False: every prokaryotic microorganism has flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae, pilli

False

Which step of gram staining is this: heat fix bacteria to a slide

First step of gram staining

Which step of gram staining is this: add crystal violet

Second step of gram staining

True/False: crystal violet sticks to both cell walls of gram positive and negative cells

true

When should the slide be rinsed during the process of gram staining?

After every step

Which step of gram staining is this: add gram's iodine (mordant).

What's the purpose in this step?

Third step of gram staining, makes the colour more vibrant

Which step of gram staining is this: add alcohol. What's the purpose in this step?

Fourth step of gram staining, decolourizer for gram negative cells because it weakens the outer membrane causing it to lose it's dye

Which step of gram staining is this: counter stain using safranin. What's the purpose in this step?

Fifth step of gram staining, safranin makes the purple darker and the non dyed a pink/red colour

What is the purpose of bacterial biofilm? Who discovered it?

allows bacteria to talk to each other, discovered by Dr Bonnie Bassler

When does a biofilm form? How does formation take place?

When microbes begin to get thick in a culture thus putting them at risk for running out of food or water, "bacteria conjoin arms, lay down on the surface, and cover themselves in glycocalyx and fimbriae"

Biofilms provide resistance against ___________________ because they are.....

antibiotics, they are hard to remove

What material primarily makes up a biofilm?

EPS

True/False: most cocci have flagella

false; most cocci do not have flagella

What parts make up a prokaryotic flagella?

filament, hook allowing the filament to rotate, and a basal body which anchors the hook

How many rings does a gram negative flagella have?

4 rings

How many rings does a gram negative flagella have?

2 rings

List and define the different patterns of flagella found on a prokaryotic cell.

Peritricious: covered in flagella

Monotrichious: one flagella

Amitrichious: one flagellum at both ends

Lophotrichious: tuft of flagella at one or both ends

Eukaryotic cells have double stranded _______________ DNA chromosomes which reside in the _____________________

linear, nucleus

What do histones do?

serve to organize DNA which coil around it into a bundle, also gene regulation

Eukaryotic cells have walls made of __________________ which are more ________________ (simpler/complex) than prokaryotic cell walls

polysaccharides, simpler

Which eukaryotic cells have cell walls?

plants, fungi, protists

Eukaryotic cells are ________________ (smaller/larger) than prokaryotic cells

larger

Sphere shaped microbes

cocci

Rod shaped microbes

bacilli

Spiral shaped microbes

spirriliam, spirochetes

List the subtypes of cocci microbes

cocci: singular spheres,

diplococci: sets of two spheres,

staphylococci: clumped/clusters of spheres,

streptococci: chains of spheres

List the subtypes of bacilli microbes

bacilli: singular rods,

links of rods,

vibrio: curved rods

When are endospores formed?

in adverse conditions and or when there is a lack of nutrients

Endospores are only produced by gram ____________ bacteria such as ___________ and ______________ which make deadly toxins

positive, bacillus sp., clostridium sp

What is endospore formation called?

sporogenesis

True/False: endospores have an extremely resistant survival and structure

true

What makes anthrax endospores resistant?

lightweight and can make spores airborne

What makes anthrax endospores vulnerable?

they are not able to multiply; killed with UV light, radiation, heat, pressure, desiccation, chemicals

Define germination as it relates to endospores

1 endospore changes to 1 bacteria; required to come out of the endospore and become a toxic bacteria

Define plasmids

double stranded, closed circular rings of DNA that reside within a prokaryotic cell

Plasmids replicate ____________________

autonomously of the chromosome

Why do plasmids give the cell an advantage?

They contain genes that code for proteins thus increasing antibiotic resistance, new metabolic pathways (more energy), and virulence factors

There are ___________ (more/less) proteins in a eukaryotic cell membrane because it has to do _____________ (more/less) work than a prokaryotic cell membrane

less, less

Which type of lipids are found in eukaryotic cell membranes? What advantages do the lipids provide?

sterol: adds shape/rigidity/strength often ridding the need to have a cell wall,

cholesterol

True/False: both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell membranes are selectively permeable

true

True/False: endocytosis is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

false; only in eukaryotic cells

List and define the two types of endocytosis

Phagocytosis : Cell eating (pseudopods extend and engulf particles)

Pinocytosis : Cell-drinking (membrane folds inward taking in fluid)

What are the components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

actin, intermediate filaments, micro tubules

What is the function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

movement (ameboid motion) within and out of the cell, cell shape, structural support, cell division

________________ is a branching and fusing network of membranous tubules and flat sacs called cisternae

endoplasmic reticulum

What is the function of RER?

Synthesis and transport of proteins (made on ribosomes)

What is the function of SER?

Synthesize, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates (synthesized on enzymes which fill the SER)

How are ribosomes like Vegas?

What happens in the ribosomes stays in the ribosomes (ie: proteins stay in that location)

RER ribosomes make proteins that _______________ or __________________

get put into membranes or are excreted from the cell

A ______________ vesicle transports the protein from the RER to the Golgi while a _______________ vesicle transports the protein from the golgi to the cell membrane/other organelles

transitional, condensing/secretory

What sized ribosomes are in mitochondria and chloroplasts? What theory explains why this is the case?

70S, endosymbiotic theory

What are the two types of ribosomes and what are their different functions?

ER associated: used in the cell membrane, modification in Golgi, or secretion,

Free ribosomes: synthesis of non secretory and non membranous proteins

_____________ has sacs called cisternae and sits close to the cell membrane

Golgi

What is the function of the golgi?

adds lipids and polysaccharides (from SER) to proteins (from RER) thus modifying them; ships modified proteins to cell membrane

Lysosomes can be compared to the _______________ of the cell. Why?

stomach, they digest food particles and kill pathogens in phagocytes using enzymes and acids that fill the lysosomes

What is the function of mitochondria?

Makes ATP, location of ETC

Why is the periplasmic space important in the mitochondria?

It provides two compartments in the mitochondria so that positive and negative charges stay separated producing a flow of electrons essential for ATP synthesis

The _______________ is the most prominent organelle in eukaryotic cells

nucleus

Describe the DNA which resides in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

linear, double stranded

The nucleus is made of what three parts? What penetrates the nucleus?

inner membrane, periplasmic space, outer membrane; pores

The ______________ is the site of synthesis of individual ribosome compartments and rRNA synthesis

nucleolus

The nucleolus has ____________ cells (what's the name?)

chromatin

Which eukaryotes have cell walls?

Fungi, algae, plants

What is a eukaryotic cell wall made of?

cellulose, chitin, glycan, mannan

Under what condition is a glycocalyx seen in a eukaryotic cell?

When the eukaryotic cell does not have a cell wall; some cells such as animal cells have neither!!!!

What are the functions of a glycocalyx in eukaryotic cells?

helps anchor the cells together, cell recognition

How does eukaryotic flagella differ from prokaryotic flagella? (5)

1. membrane bound

2. 9+2 arrangement

3. covered by an extension of the cell membrane

4. much thicker

5. no hook

True/False: eukaryotic flagella is derived from prokaryotic flagella

false; it developed independently of prokaryotic flagella

Prokaryotic flagella ______________ while eukaryotic flagella __________________ (movement)

spins and tumbles, whips

Cilia are only found in what group of eukaryotes?

protozoa and certain animal cells

Describe the movement of eukaryotic cilia

synchronous wavelike movement

Compare and contrast eukaryotic cilia and flagella

1. both have a 9+2 structure,

2. both are membrane bound,

3. cilia is shorter and more numerous

Clockwise movement of prokaryotic flagella indicates _______________ (run/tumble)

Tumble

Counter clockwise movement of prokaryotic flagella indicates _________________ (run/tumble)

Run

What is the function of pilli

It facilitates the transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another

Endospores are a ______________ (reproductive/survival) structure, not a means of _______________ (reproduction/survival)

Survival, reproduction

List the four shapes of spores

Central: nucleus in the middle,

Swollen sporangium: thin with bulbous end surrounding the nucleus,

Terminal: nucleus on one end,

Subterminal: nucleus closer to one end than the other

Where is the ETC located?

inner mitochondrial membrane

Which roles do microorganisms play in our environment:

1. carry out photosynthesis

2. biological decomposition

3. nutrient recycling

4. complex relationship with animals but not plants

1. carry out photosynthesis

2. biological decomposition

3. nutrient recycling

Define biotechnology

Technology that applies the power of microbes toward the manufacture of industrial products, foods, and drugs

Define genetic engineering

newer technology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals to create new products and GMOs

Define bioremediation

process that involves the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants

Which characteristic is exhibited by viruses?

1. composed of DNA and RNA

2. independent living cellular organisms

3. much more complex than cells

4. parasitic particles

5. lack a protein coat

Parasitic particles

Order the following microorganisms from largest to smallest in size:

bacterium, virus, fungus, prion

fungus, bacterium, virus, prion

The major 6 groups of microorganisms studied by microbiologists is:

bacteria and archaea, algae, helminths, protozoans, viruses, and fungi

Which of the following is an acellular microbe lacking a nucleus?

Helminth, bacterium, protozoan, virus

Which of the following is a microorganism that contains organelles?

virus, prion, bacterium, fungus

fungus

Which of the following is true regarding spontaneous generation (may be multiple):

1. it was definitively disproven by Redi

2. Louis Pasteur designed an experiment with swan-necked flasks that disproved this theory once and all

3. this theory was based on the idea of abiogenesis

4. the meat maggot experiment indicated that the concept of abiogenesis was likely true

2. Louis Pasteur designed an experiment with swan-necked flasks that disproved this theory once and all

3. this theory was based on the idea of abiogenesis

Dr. Wendall Holmes and Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis were pioneers in _______, one of the most important methods to reduce disease in healthcare settings.

hand washing

Why is the shape of the swan neck flask so important in disproving abiogenesis?

the glass necks needed to be open to the air, yet constructed so that bacteria would settle in the lowest part of the neck

Select the circumstances in which Koch's postulates cannot be readily applied or would be inappropriate to establish the cause of a disease:

1. the suspected pathogen infects animals but not humans

2. the suspected pathogen cannot be cultured in the laboratory

3. there is not a suitable experimental host of the suspected pathogen

4. the suspended pathogen produces disease in both humans and a suitable test animal

5. the disease is polymicrobial, caused by more than one pathogen

Which statement describes staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

1. it presents as a generalized pustular rash

2. bacteria spread, causing necrotic damage to the tissues and gas production

3. it is caused by microbial digestion of excess sebum trapped in the pores of the skin

4. it is an exotoxin mediated disease that can be compared to a systemic form of impetigo

Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus include all of the following except:

1. chickenpox

2. scalded skin syndrome

3. impetigo

4. carbuncles

5. meningitis

chickenpox

Which of the following is not true of SSSS?

1. it predominantly affects newborns

2. the skin splits within the epidermis

3. the toxins cause bulbous lesions

4. it is an exotoxin mediated disease

5. the skin splits between the dermis and epidermis

Which type of macromolecule makes up the bacterial capsule?

carbohydrates

What does the capsule look like under a light microscope?

clear halos

Between the following, which species is more pathogenic: one with a smooth capsule vs. one with rough colonies

The one with the smooth capsule

Why is the capsule of a prokaryotic cell a virulence factor?

it allows the bacterium to evade the immune system and cause damage to the host

List 3 characteristics of fimbriae in prokaryotic cells

short appendages, participate in biofilm formation, allow bacterial cells to colonize host tissues

Which external prokaryotic cell structure directly impacts the effectiveness of the host immune system?

1. capsule

2. flagellum

3. fimbria

4. pilus

capsule

Which of these are possessed by some, but not all, bacteria?

--> flagella, cell membrane, endospores, ribosomes, pili, fimbriae, glycocalyx

flagella, endospores, pili, fimbriae, glycocalyx

LPS is considered to be a ____________________

endotoxin

The movement of bacteria either towards or away from a chemical stimulus is referred to as _______________.

Chemotaxis

Chemical attractants ________________ tumbles, enabling bacteria to make faster progress towards a stimulus

inhibit

Which of the following are found in a gram positive cell envelope:

thick layer of peptidoglycan, outer membrane, cell membrane, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acids, thin layer of peptidoglycan

Which of the following are found in a gram negative cell envelope:

thick layer of peptidoglycan, outer membrane, periplasmic space, cell membrane, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acids, thin layer of peptidoglycan

outer membrane, periplasmic space, cell membrane, lipopolysaccharide, thin layer of peptidoglycan

True/False: endospores are reproductive structures produced by multiple bacterial cell divisions, with one vegetative cell producing many endospores

false

Archaea _______________ (do/do not) have peptidoglycan in their cell wall

do not

True/False: spirochete moves in a screw-like manner that is mediated by axial fibrils located in the cell's periplasmic space

true

What macromolecule never leaves the nucleus?

DNA

Which of the following is a unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic protist?