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Machiavelli
political and war themed books of The Prince, Discourses on Livy, and The Art of War
The Prince
written by Machiavelli
Aristotle
Philosopher whose ideas resurfaced in the Renaissance
Ptolemy
mathematician/astronomer; geocentric view of universe
Archimedes
Ancient Greek astronomer, physicist, engineer, and philosopher
Nicolaus Copernicus
Formulated the heliocentric idea
Julian calendar
The excepted calendar at the time, 365 days plus one leap year every 4 years
Galileo Galilei
astronomer; “father of modern science”: made fundamental contributions to science motion/astronomy/the scientific method; looked at moons of Jupitor
Heliocentric
sun is the center of the universe (introduced by Copernicus); challenged the established teachings and any other understanding was seen as a challenge to God's perfection
Johannes Kepler
astronomer
Laws of Planetary Motion
planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus
William Harvey
doctor who said the heart is a pump/machinery that followed natural laws
Robert Boyle
Naturalist, “Father of Modern Chemistry” rejects alchemy
Isaac Newton
formulated laws of motion and gravitation
Mercantilism
an economic system of trade that was based on the principle that the world's wealth was static, and consequently, governments had to regulate trade to build their wealth and national power. Many European nations attempted to accumulate the largest possible share of that wealth by maximizing their exports and limiting their imports via tariffs.
Christopher Columbus
Italian explorer, financially supported by Ferdinand & Isabella, who unknowingly discovered the Americas when searching for quick trade routes to places like India or China
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
patrons of Columbus
Columbian exchange
the exchange of diseases, ideas, food. crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492
King Alfonso
King of Kongo. Raised Christian and taught by Catholic Portuguese missionaries. He wanted to develop Kongo into a modern country. Was unsuccessful with ending the slave trade
Middle passage
Slave trade route from Africa to South and North America
Hernando Cortes
Conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico. Brought 600 men, 16 horses and a few canons. Built an empire by conquering natives. Sacrificed captives to their gods. Allied with native groups
Aztecs
Ethnic group native to Mexico
Tenochtitlán
Capital island of the Aztec Empire
Francisco Pizzaro
Conquered the Incas. 1532
Incas
Ethnic group native to Peru
Innocent III
former Pope of Catholic Church; expanded Pope authority in Papal states; launched Crusades to claim back Holy Land; tons of power (even over kings)
The Great or Western Schism
Separation within the Catholic Church over who had power, Church leaders vs. Kings
Indulgences
Small sums you can pay to buy time off of purgatory, benefited and supported the Church
Veneration of relics
Essentially setting aside special items in honor of God and the Saints out of respect
Johann Tetzel
Granted indulgences on behalf of the Catholic CHurch, Luther’s top opp
Martin Luther
started the Reformation after noticing the corruption in the Roman Catholic Church
95 Theses
The 95 Theses were a group of statements made by Martin Luther in 1517 to explain what was currently wrong with the Church
John Calvin
French Protestant Reformer
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin’s most important work: single most important statement of Protestantism
Libertines
someone who lives life unencumbered by morals
Henry VIII
Major break away from the Catholic Church, formed Church of England and became both civil and spiritual ruler
Mary I
raised/restored Catholicism (nicknamed Bloody Mary bc she persecuted all non
Elizabeth I
Queen of England; highly influential English Renaissance; patron of art and literature; calmed tensions between Catholics and Protestants; was a Protestant
Anabaptists
Christians who believe in delaying baptism until the candidate confesses his or her faith in Christ, as opposed to being baptized as an infant
Leonardo da Vinci
realism artist who studied human anatomy; Mona Lisa/The Last Supper
Michaelangelo
painter/sculptor, painted the Sistine Chapel, The Pieta, David; worked for Medici family; studied cadavers
Raphael
painted the School of Athens
Jan Van Eyck
best at oil painting; signed/dated his paintings (unusual); portraits
Albercht Durer
“Leonardo of the North”; studied art in Italy; spread Renaissance art throughout N. Europe; applied Renaissance techniques to engravings
Petrarch
Scholar who was an early humanist, he wrote letters and poems that are still around today
Boccaccio
Italian writer, poet, and humanist
Humanism
emphasizes human and social potential of goodness and value; importance of humans instead of spiritual beings; rational reasoning
Patron
a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause
Johann Gutenberg
invented the 1st mechanized printing press; printed first complete edition of the Bible; greatly expanded the number of books in Europe making them more accessible
Engravings
form of art
Huguenots
French Protestants who followed calvin
Absolutism*
one person in authority with all the power
Constitutionalism
faithfulness to a system of constitutional government which is a monarch backed up by legislative branches
Estates General
a legislative and consultative assembly of the different classes of French people.
First Estate
clergy of estates general
Second Estate
nobility of estates general
Third Estate
commoners of estates general
Bourgeoisie
middle class
The Frondes
represented the final attempt of the French nobility to confront the king, and ended in its humiliation
Edict of Nantes
gave protestants religious freedom
Divine Right of Kings
defends absolutism
30 Years War
a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries
Parliament
an assembly of representatives that makes laws and rules a country
House of Lords
part of parliament
House of Commons
Other half of Parliament
Magna Carta
first document saying the king wasn't above the law
English Civil War
fought between cavaliers and people loyal to parliament, and fought over king charles I power and power of parliament
Thomas Hobbes
man's natural state is animalistic
Leviathan
emphasize the necessity of a powerful government to establish and maintain social order
John Locke
people are free and equal, people get lost, so they need a government to keep them afloat.
State of Nature
humans without authority over them
Rousseau
Humans are good, follow your heart
Salons
encouraged socializing between men and women and brought together different classes of people,
Samuel Rutherford
he was appointed one of the four main Commissioners of the Church of Scotland to the Westminster Assembly and preached several times before Parliament
Roundheads
a group of people who supported Parliament & Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War
Cavaliers
Loyal to Charles I
Glorious Revolution
a bloodless revolution that removed King James II from England's throne and made William and Mary co
Bill of Rights of 1689
Signed by william and mary, shifts from English monarchy to Parliament.
Act of Settlement
to ensure a Protestant succession to the English throne
Philip II
king of spain
Henry of Navarre
brought unity and prosperity to the country after the ruinous 16th
Louis XIII
led the Siege of La Rochelle
Cardinal Richelieu
King Louis XIII's Chief Minister
Louis XIV
King at 5 yrs old, Jules Mazarin was put in power for Louis, Louis attempted to curb Mazarin’s power but failed. Eventually got control of the throne because Marazin died. Made the divine right to rule, “one law, one king, one faith.” And reworked Edict of Nante
James I
English and Scottish king, contributed to English Architecture and The King James Bible was named after him
Charles I
king during english civil war
Oliver Cromwell*
in parliament during the english civil war, and defeated charles I
Charles II
dissolved parliament and ruled as the sole ruler of england
James II
last of the Stuart dynasty, king during the Glorious revolution, which overthrew him and made parliament permanent.
William (III) of Orange*
married to Mary II, took over England and signed the Bill of Rights
Mary II*
first daughter of James I, married to William of Orange, and signed the Bill of Rights
Anne
supported acts of union
Louis XVI
king during the french revolution
Versailles*
Palace made by Louis XIV (The Sun King), ¼ mile long, housed 10,000 people
Antonio Vivaldi*
Baroque musician, wrote and played Four Seasons
Johann Sebastian Bach*
Christian, played the organ and concertos, composed music for all instruments, and wrote the Brandenburg Concertos
George Handel*
german, composed for english king, wrote Messiah Opera, and used horned and stringed instruments
Jan Vermeer*
dutch artist
Rembrandt*
Dutch Artist golden age artist.
Agricultural Revolution
A period of significant agricultural development marked by the introduction of new farming techniques and tools, leading to increased crop yields and the growth of population.
