skeletal articulations (joints)

Joints or articulations are

Sites where two or more bones meet

What are the types of structural classification in joints

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

What are the types of joints based on degree of movement?

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

Synarthroses

No movement allowed

Amphiarthroses

Some movement allowed

Diarthroses

Freely moveable joint

What are the types of axis of motion

Non axial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

Fibrous joints

Tough fibrous membrane connects bones

What are examples of fibrous joints

Sutures in skull, gomphoses, syndesmoses

Before birth sutures can _______, after birth sutures ________

Slide, become ossified and close now called synostoses

Gomphoses

Sockets in jaws for teeth, secured by periodontal ligaments

Syndesmoses

Interosseous membrane between

Ex: radius and ulna, tibia and fibula

Cartilaginous joints

There is joint cartilage between two bones

Example of cartilaginous joints

First rib and sternum

Types of cartilaginous joints

Synchondroses and symphysis

Synchondroses

Type of cartilaginous joint, two different bones are connected

Synchondroses example

Ribs and sternum, epiphysis (cartilage covering ends of bone),

ribs and sternum and epiphysis have

Hyaline cartilage

Cartilage that connects ribs to sternum

Costal cartilages

What is the cartilage called that is in joints/epiphysis?

Articular cartilage

Symphysis

Type of cartilaginous joint that connects two similar bones

Symphysis examples

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

What cartilage is present in pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs?

Fibrocartilage

Synovial joints

Freely moveable

Examples of synovial joints

Middle ear ossicles, glenohumeral joint, hip joint, elbow joint, phalangeal joints, sternoclavicular, knee joint

Synovial joints have a

Synovial membrane

What does the synovial membrane do?

Secretes synovial fluid

What is synovial fluid?

Lubricant that contains hyaluronic acid

Meniscus

pieces of hyaline cartilage between the joints to provide best fit for bones

Intracapsular ligaments and example

Inside the joint capsule, anterior and posterior cruciate ligament found in knee joint

Extracapsular ligaments and example

Outside the joint capsule, patellar ligament and lateral and medial collateral ligaments

Non axial joints are found in

Between carpals and tarsals

Uniaxial joints

Can move joint in one plane

Hinge joint

Elbow joint

Example of uniaxial hinge joint

Elbow joint, phalangeal joints

Pivot joint

Atlanta-axial joint, proximal radio-ulnar joint

Type of uniaxial joints

Hinge, pivot

Pivot joints allow

Rotation

Hinge joints allow

Flexion and extension, uni axial

Biaxial joints

Can move in two planes

Type of biaxial joints

Condylar joints and saddle joints

What are examples of condyloid joint?

Metacarpals and phalanges (knuckles), radius and carpals, skull and atlas

Where are saddle joints found

Carpo (trapezium) and 1st metacarpals joint (thumb)

Proximal radio-ulnar joint allows

Supination and pronation

Saddle joint allows thumb to be

Opposable thumb

Bursa

Bag filled with synovial fluid like a cushion

Bursitis

Inflammation of bursa

Tendon sheath

Bag filled with synovial fluid that wraps around muscle tendon for protection

What type of joints based is in the knee

Synovial joint

3 knee ligaments we need to know

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and patellar ligament

Types of synovial joints

Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

What is a condyloid joint

Rounded structure that fits into a division in another bone

Ball and socket joint

Multiaxial, most freely movable joints

Example of ball and socket joint

Shoulder, glenohumeral joint, hip joint

Yes joint

Skull connected with atlas

No joint

Atlas connected with axis

Flexion

When angle is reduced

Dorsiflexion

When you move the foot upwards

Plantar Flexion

Move foot down toes point down

Lateral flexion

Move leg inside

Abduction

Moving away from midline of body

Adduction

Moving toward midline of the body

Circumduction

Circular movement

Supination

Palm facing up

Pronation

Palm facing down

Inversion

Sole movement in medial direction

Eversion

Sole movement in lateral direction

Sprain

Ligament stretched or torn but no bone fracture

Tendonitis

Inflammation of muscle tendon

Arthritis

Inflammation of joints

Rheumatoid arthritis

Because person develops antibodies against elastin cartilage, autoimmune disease, joint may become locked

Osteoarthritis

Normal aging process, bone is touching another bone because cartilage is wear and tearing away

Chondroitin sulfate

Taken by people to help cartilage matrix

Gouty arthritis

Joint is painful because of uric acid

Uric acid is made from

Purines, adenine and guanine

Corticosteroids help

Gouty arthritis

Cortisol helps

Inflammation

Fluorosis

Fluorine causes bones to become weak