Anatomy and Physiology: Body Structures, Functions, and Systems

anatomy

"Cutting up" - examines the structures or morphology of body parts their forms and organizations

physiology

"Relationship to nature" considers the function of body parts, what they do and how they do it

human organism

Well organized units, anatomical structures working together

atoms

Tiny particles, composed of smaller units called subatomic particles

subatomic particles

Smaller particles of an atom

molecules

Formed atoms join together

macromolecules

Smaller molecules that combined together

cell

Basic unit of structure and function

tissue

Example - simple squamous, epithelium, loose connective

organelles

Cells of complex organisms such as humans, carry on specific activities, composed of assemblies of large molecules including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids

organs

Complex structures with specialized functions

organ systems

Groups of organs that function closely together

organism

Interacting organ systems

metabolism

Physical, chemical events that obtain, release, and use energy

water

Most abundant in the body, required for metabolic processes, provides an environment from them to take place, transport system and regulated body temp

food

Substances that provide organisms with necessary chemicals, supply energy and raw materials for building living matter

oxygen

A gas that makes up ⅕ of the air, used to release energy from nutrients, energy drives metabolic process

heat

Form of energy present in the environment, product of metabolic reactions, partly controls the rate at which these reactions occur

integumentary

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

skeletal

Bones, ligaments, cartilages

muscular

Cause movements, maintain posture, produce body heat

nervous

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

endocrine

Glands that secret hormones (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal thymus)

cardiovascular

Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins

lymphatic

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

digestive

Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines

respiratory

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

urinary

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

reproductive

Male - scrotum, testes, epididymes, penis; Female - ovaries, uterus, vagina

pressure

Application of force on an object or substance

internal environment

Anatomically, inside the body consists of fluid that surrounds cells called extra cellular fluid, protects of cells from external changes

homeostasis

The body's maintenance of a stable environment, this requires most of our metabolic energy

homeostatic mechanisms

Self regulating control systems

receptors

(homeostatic mechanisms) Provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment these can be cells or molecules

control center

(homeostatic mechanisms) Includes a set point, tells what a particular value should be (body temp being 98.6)

effectors

(homeostatic mechanisms) Such as muscles or glands which elicit responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

negative feedback

Conditions return to normal the deviation from the set point progressively lessens and the effectors gradually shut down

Normal range

Values that equate to homeostasis, can vary physiologically from time to time

axial portion

Includes the head, neck, trunk

Appendicular portion

Upper and lower limbs

Cranial cavity

(within the axial portion) brain

vertebral canal

(within the axial portion) Spinal cavity which includes the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

(within the axial portion) backbone(vertebra)

abdominoplevic cavity

(within the axial portion) Viscera- organs in this area

diaphragm

Thoracic cavity is separated from the lower abdominal cavity by this broad thin muscle

mediastinum

Region between the lungs, separates the thoracic cavity into two parts contains the lungs and then the heart esophagus, trachea and thymus

abdominal cavity

Viscera include stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small intestines

pelvic cavity

Contains the end of the large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

serous membranes

Line the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and fold back to cover the organs within the cavity, secrete a slippery fluid that separates the layer lining the wall of the cavity

pleural membranes

Fold back to cover the lungs

Pericardial membrane

Surrounds the heart

Visceral pericardium

Covered the heart's surface and is separated by parietal pericardium by serous fluid, the space between is the plural cavity.

Peritoneal membranes

Membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity

aging

Process of becoming mature or old, it is the passage of time and accompanying bodily changes

anatomical position

Standing erect, facing forward with upper limbs at the sides with palms forward

superior

Means parts above another part, or closer to the head

inferior

Means a part below another part or towards the feet

anterior (ventral)

Means towards the front

posterior (dorsal)

Means towards the back

medial

Refers to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves.

lateral

Means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline. Example - the ears are lateral to the eyes.

bilateral

Refers to paired structures, one on each side. Example - lungs are bilateral.

ipsilateral

Refers to structures on the same side. Example - the right lung and right kidney are ipsilateral.

contralateral

Refers to structures on the opposite side. Example - a patient with a fractured right leg would have to bear weight on the contralateral - left leg.

proximal

Describes a part closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specific point of reference. Example - the elbow is proximal to the wrist.

distal

Describes a particular body part that is farther from the trunk or another specific point of reference. Example - fingers are distal to the wrist.

superficial

Means near the surface. Example - the epidermis is the superficial layer of skin.

peripheral

Also means outward or near the surface, it describes the location of certain blood vessels and nerves. Example - the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cords are peripheral nerves.

deep

Describes more internal parts. Example - the dermis is the deep layer of the skin.

sagittal

Refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions. If a sagittal section passes along the midline and divides the body into equal parts, it is called median (midsagittal).

parasagittal

A sagittal section lateral to midline.

transverse

Refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

frontal

Refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

epigastric region

The upper middle portion.

left and right hypochondriac regions

On the left/right side of the epigastric region.

umbilical region

The central portion.

left and right lumbar regions

On the left/right side of the umbilical region.

hypogastric region

The lower middle portion.

left and right iliac (or inguinal) regions

On the left/right side of the hypogastric region.

right upper quadrant

RUQ.

right lower quadrant

RLQ.

left upper quadrant

LUQ.

left lower quadrant

LLQ.

abdominal

Region between the thorax.

acromial

Point of the shoulder.

antebrachial

Forearm.

antecubital

Space in front of the elbow.

axillary

Armpit.

brachial

Arm.

buccal

Cheek.

carpal

Wrist.

celiac

Abdomen.

cephalic

Head.

cervical

Neck.

costal

Ribs.

coxal

Hip.

crural

Leg.

cubital

Elbow.

digital

Finger or toe.

dorsum

Back.