APUSH Units 1 & 2 Framework Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards covering Period 1 (1491-1607) and Period 2 (1607-1754) key concepts, evidence, and historical developments from the APUSH study guide.

How did the spread of maize cultivation impact native societies in present-day Mexico and the American Southwest?

Maize cultivation supported economic development, permanent settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among native societies like the Aztec, Pueblo, and Navajo.

How did native societies in the Great Basin and the western Great Plains adapt to their environment?

They responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing mobile, nomadic lifestyles, as seen in tribes like the Sioux and Apache.

What economic and settlement patterns characterized native societies in the Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, and Atlantic seaboard?

They developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the establishment of permanent villages, exemplified by the Iroquois Confederacy and Southeast tribes such as the Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee.

How did native societies in the Northwest and present-day California sustain themselves?

They supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean, including tribes like the Chinook, Nez Perce, and Shoshone.

What factors motivated European exploration and conquest of the New World?

A search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity, summarized as the '3 Gs' (Gold, God, and Glory), leading to events like the founding of St. Augustine (1565), searches for the Northwest Passage, and the Roanoke settlement.

What was the demographic and economic impact of the Columbian Exchange on Europe?

It brought new crops to Europe that stimulated population growth and introduced new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the shift from feudalism to capitalism and supported the growth of European nation-states.

Which maritime technology and economic institutions helped drive European international trade and exploration?

Improvements in maritime tech included the caravel and sextant, while organized economic structures included joint-stock trading companies like The Virginia Company.

How did the Spanish encomienda system operate in the Americas?

It was a system in which Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture, such as sugar plantations, and extract precious metals from silver mines.

What was the structure of the Spanish caste system in the Americas?

It was a racial hierarchy that defined the status of diverse populations, ordered from top to bottom as Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, and mulattos.

What debate arose among European religious and political leaders regarding the treatment of non-Europeans in the Americas?

Figures like Juan de Sepulveda and Bartolome de Las Casas debated how Native Americans and Africans should be treated, reflecting evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for subjugation versus human rights.

How did French and Dutch colonization methods differ from British colonization?

French and Dutch colonization involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances (such as the fur trade and alliance with Huron Indians) and intermarriage, led by figures like Samuel de Champlain, coureurs de bois, and Jesuit missionaries, whereas British colonists migrated in larger numbers to settle land separately from Native Americans.

What enabled the Jamestown settlement (1607) to overcome the 'starving time' and achieve economic viability?

The introduction of tobacco as a profitable cash crop by John Rolfe, supported by the headright system to attract new labor.

What were the primary causes and effects of Bacon's Rebellion (1676)?

It was caused by frontier settlers' frustration with colonial governance, land access, and defense against Native Americans, highlighting social class tensions in the Chesapeake colonies between wealthy planters and former indentured servants.

What religious and social concepts shaped the settlement of the New England colonies?

Settled by Puritans, New England developed around small towns with family farms, participatory town meetings, strict religious laws ('blue laws'), higher life expectancy, and John Winthrop's ideal of a moral community as a 'city upon a hill.'

Which key individuals were banished from Massachusetts Bay for challenging Puritan religious authority?

Roger Williams (who was banished and established Rhode Island) and Anne Hutchinson (who was put on trial and banished for her theological views).

What key characteristics defined the Middle colonies, such as Pennsylvania?

Founded in part by William Penn and the Quakers, they featured greater ethnic diversity, religious toleration, and a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops, earning them the nickname 'bread-basket colonies.'

What staple crops drove the plantation economies of the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British West Indies?

Rice in Georgia and the Carolinas, and sugar in Barbados, both of which relied heavily on enslaved African labor.

What were four early examples of self-governing or representative institutions established in the British colonies?

The Mayflower Compact (1620), the House of Burgesses (1619), the Maryland Toleration Act (1649), and the Massachusetts General Court.

What military conflicts arose between British colonists and Native Americans in the 17th century over land and resources?

The Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1610-1640s), the Pequot War (1636-1637), and King Philip's War (Metacom's War, 1675-1676).

What was the outcome of the Pueblo Revolt (1680) for Spanish-Native American relations in the Southwest?

It successfully forced Spanish colonizers out temporarily and eventually led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture upon their return.

What was the First Great Awakening, and who were its key leaders?

A major religious revival movement in the British colonies led by preachers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, which divided churches between 'new lights' and 'old lights.'

How did Enlightenment ideas and political thought influence the British colonies?

Thinkers like John Locke introduced ideas of natural rights and republicanism, fostering an ideology critical of perceived imperial corruption and supporting colonial self-government.

What was salutary neglect, and how did it affect colonial economic behavior?

It was Britain's unstrict enforcement of imperial trade laws, which allowed autonomous political and economic development in the colonies and encouraged widespread smuggling to bypass trade limits.

How did the British crown attempt to reassert centralized imperial control over New England in the late 17th century?

By revoking Massachusetts' charter and creating the Dominion of New England under Governor Edmond Andros, which met fierce colonial opposition.

How did enslaved Africans resist the system of chattel slavery in the British colonies?

Through covert methods like work slowdowns and running away, cultural preservation like Gullah, ring-shout, and spirituals, and overt revolts such as the Stono Rebellion (1739) and the New York slave conspiracy (1711).