Lesson 63 pt2: common salivary disorders

What is the medical terminology for excessive secretion of saliva

Ptyalism (Sialosis)

Name one condition listed that causes Ptyalism (Sialosis)

Stomatitis, Encephalitis, or Heavy metal poisoning

What are two portals of entry or pathways of spread for pathogens into the salivary glands

Hematogenous (bloodborne pathogens), Direct penetration by foreign objects, Obstruction of the excretory ducts, Bite wounds, or Ascending infections from salivary ducts (in humans)

What two substances in saliva are examples of antibacterial compounds

Thiocyanate or hydrogen peroxide

What immunoglobulin is a defense mechanism found in saliva

Secretory IgA

What growth factor is found in saliva

EGF (epidermal growth factor)

Name one digestive enzyme found in saliva

$\alpha$-amylase, lipase, or kallikrein

Name two antimicrobial enzymes secreted in saliva

lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, proline-rich proteins, class A and B acid phosphatases, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone), superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase, or glucose-6-phosphate isomerase

What is one non-enzymatic defense mechanism listed in the salivary glands

A bacteria-rich flora

What four categories encompass the common disorders related to the salivary glands in domestic animals

Inflammatory, Degenerative, Obstructive, or Neoplastic

Name two responses of the salivary gland to injury

Incomplete regeneration (principally from ductular epithelium), Atrophy, Fibrosis, or Squamous metaplasia of secretory epithelium

What is the consequence of blockage of the salivary ducts

Development of saliva-filled cysts (sialoceles)

What is the medical term for the blockage of sublingual salivary glands

Ranula

The term "ranula" is etymologically derived from the appearance of the belly of what genus of animal

Frog's (genus Rana)

What is the inflammatory disorder of the salivary glands called

Sialoadenitis

Sialoadenitis is relatively rare in veterinary medicine, but it is seen in what two viral diseases

Rabies and canine distemper

How is the rabies virus spread via the salivary glands

Through saliva by bite wounds

What specific pathology is seen in the nuclei of ganglion cells in rabies

Negri bodies (sometimes)

What is the inflammatory disorder in horses caused by Streptococcus equi subsp equi

Strangles

What is the inflammatory disorder affecting the salivary gland and some adnexal ocular structures

Sialodacryoadenitis

What type of infection causes Sialodacryoadenitis in the rat

Coronavirus infection

What bacterium causes suppurative parotid sialoadenitis in pigs

Salmonella typhisuis

Name two gross lesions associated with inflammatory disorders of the salivary glands

Swelling, Edema, or Abscesses

Abscesses in the retrobulbar zygomatic gland may cause what eye condition

Proptosis (protrusion of the eyeball)

What is the most common degenerative/obstructive disorder described as a cystic saliva-filled distention of the duct of the sublingual or submaxillary salivary gland

Ranula

Where does a ranula occur in the mouth

On the floor of the mouth alongside the tongue

What is a key characteristic of a ranula regarding its lining

Lined by epithelium

Name one etiology of a ranula

Idiopathic or Sialoliths

What is the term for a pseudocyst not lined by epithelium but filled with saliva

Salivary mucocele

Name one etiology of a salivary mucocele

Idiopathic or secondary to traumatic rupture of the duct of a sublingual salivary gland

What happens following the traumatic rupture of a sublingual salivary gland duct that leads to a mucocele

Leakage and encapsulation of saliva by reactive connective tissue

What are mineral accretions in the salivary ducts called

Sialoliths

What condition can sialoliths be secondary to

Sialoadenitis

What material can form a nidus for mineral accretion to create sialoliths

Sloughed cells or inflammatory exudate

What is a sequela of sialoliths

Ranula formation

What are salivary gland neoplasms composed of

Glandular or Ductular elements, or a Combination of epithelial and mesenchymal components

What is one differential diagnosis (DDx) for salivary gland neoplasia listed

Salivary gland infarction (cats, dogs)

What is the etiology of salivary gland infarction

Idiopathic

What is one gross description of salivary gland infarction

Firmness and swelling

What is seen microscopically in salivary gland infarction

Discrete foci of parenchymal necrosis with peripheral hemorrhage and inflammatory cells

What common response to injury in the salivary gland can be mistaken for neoplasia

Attempted incomplete regeneration of the gland from ductal epithelium

What are the three main functions of saliva

Digestion, lubrication, and protection

What type of tissue are salivary glands described as discrete aggregates of

Compound tubuloalveolar tissue

What are the four categories of lesions of the salivary glands in domestic animals

Inflammatory, Degenerative, Obstructive, and Neoplastic

The serous portions of the salivary glands are sensitive to what type of energy

Radiosensitive

Name two electrolytes found in saliva

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg-, Cl-, HCO3 -, or PO4-

What specific compound is a sulfur-containing ion found in saliva

Thiocyanate

What does the component "Mucus" in saliva function as

Lubricant

What type of metaplasia can occur in secretory epithelium due to salivary gland dysfunction

Squamous metaplasia

What is the general term for a saliva-filled cyst caused by duct blockage

Sialocele

What is the primary physiological phase of digestion that involves salivary glands

Cephalic phase/Pregastric phase

What component of saliva acts as a solvent for all other components and taste molecules (from conversation history)

Water

What two components in saliva act as buffers and maintain oral pH (from conversation history)

Bicarbonate and phosphates

What two cranial nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the salivary glands (from conversation history)

Facial Nerve (CN VII) and Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

What is the characteristic description of primary saliva as it leaves the acini (from conversation history)

Plasma-like and rich in NaCl

Which major salivary gland is predominantly a serous gland (from conversation history)

Parotid salivary gland

What is the halfmoon shaped cap of serous cells on a mucous unit in mixed salivary glands called (from conversation history)

A serous demilune

What is the primary function of the high concentration of bicarbonate ions in saliva (from conversation history)

Buffering the content of the oral cavity

What protective component in saliva binds iron (from conversation history)

Lactoferrin

What is the medical term for the condition of dry mouth (from conversation history)

Xerostomia

The common disorders of the salivary glands fall into which four categories (from conversation history)

Inflammatory, Degenerative, Obstructive, and Neoplastic

What is the secretory component of each salivary gland called (from conversation history)

The parenchyma

What is the supporting connective tissue of a salivary gland called (from conversation history)

The stroma

What specific type of gland is the mandibular salivary gland (from conversation history)

Seromucous (mixed) compound tubuloacinar gland

What two infectious agents were mentioned that spread via saliva in dogs (from conversation history)

Rabies and Canine Distemper

What are the two components included in the definition of the oral microbiome, besides the microorganisms themselves (from conversation history)

Their genetic material and metabolites they produce

What major health issue is the oral microbiome important in preventing in animals (from conversation history)

Periodontal diseases

Which phylum is predominant in the supragingival plaque (from conversation history)

Firmicutes/Bacillota

What is the oral biofilm commonly known as (from conversation history)

Plaque/tartar

Which specific region of the oral cavity contains the highest number and greatest diversity of bacteria (from conversation history)

Supragingival plaque

Name a Gram-positive genus belonging to Firmicutes that starts with 'St' (from conversation history)

Staphylococcus spp.

What is the key oxygen requirement characteristic of Fusobacteria/Fusobacteriota (from conversation history)

Obligate anaerobic

Name a genus of bacteria starting with 'S' most often isolated in infectious endocarditis in dogs (from conversation history)

Streptococcus or Staphylococcus

What common route allows bacteria causing infectious endocarditis to enter the animal's bloodstream (from conversation history)

Through lesions in the mouth

What disease in ruminants is caused by Actinomyces bovis (from conversation history)

Lumpy jaw

Actinomyces bovis is introduced to soft tissues via what mechanism (from conversation history)

Penetrating wounds of the oral mucosa

What is the general tonicity of the saliva that reaches the mouth (from conversation history)

Slightly hypotonic

What specific physiological condition can result from a dominant sympathetic outflow to the salivary glands (from conversation history)

Xerostomia (dry mouth)

What type of digestion does alpha amylase initiate (from conversation history)

Carbohydrate digestion

What is the classification for both intercalated and striated ducts (where they are located) (from conversation history)

Intralobular (within the lobule)