Intro to Exercise Science Exam 2

List the various systems of the body

nervous, endocrine, muscular, skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, integumentary, immune, reproductive, endocrine, digestive, urinary

What are the two primary control systems of the body?

Endocrine and nervous

What are the two components of the central nervous system (CNS)?

brain and spinal cord

The nervous system divides into the 

central and peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system divides into the

somatic and autonomic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system divides into the

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

What nervous system is most active during conditions of stress

sympathetic

What nervous system is most active during rest conditions?

parasympathetic

Muscular system purpose

Works in conjunction with the nervous and skeletal system and creates movement

Three types of muscles

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

How are muscles attached to bones?

via tendons

Hypertrophy

increase in cell size, muscle growth

Atrophy

decrease in cell size, muscle decrease

Hyperplasia

increase in cell number, muscle cell increase

skeletal system purpose

Structural framework of the body, protects the underlying organs, storage area for minerals

How do bones change over time?

Structural framework of the body, protects the underlying organs, storage area for minerals

What types of activities help build strength and support for bones?

Progressive overload and lifting heavy weights

Cardiovascular system purpose

Responsible for transporting blood containing oxygen and
facilitating the removal of carbon dioxide and other waste
products

cardiovascular system components

heart, blood vessels, blood

human heart chamber count

4

types of blood vessels

veins, arteries, capillaries

hematocrit

red blood cells

respiratory system purpose

Brings air into lungs, allows oxygen to be removed from the air, facilitates removal of carbon dioxide

respiratory muscles

diaphragm, external intercostals

respiratory airways

nose, mouth, lungs

respiratory units

alveoli, pulmonary capillaries

what exchange occurs between the alveoli and capillaries?

pulmonary gas exchange

urinary system purpose

Eliminates waste products from the body and regulates fluid volume

how many kidneys

2

how many ureters

2

how many urinary bladders?

1

how many urethra?

1

What follows water?

sodium

digestive system purpose

Works to transfer macronutrients and micronutrients from the
food we consume so that normal functions can be performed
and proper health can be maintained

digestive system components

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small and large intestines

macronutrients

proteins, carbs, fats

macronutrient for high intensity actvities

carbs

macronutrient for low intensity activities

fat

endocrine system purpose

regulates hormone levels

endocrine system components

glands of body and hormones

How does the endocrine system compare/contrast with the nervous system?

Responses take longer to occur, but can last for several hours

immune system purpose

Regulates the susceptibility to, severity of, and recovery from
infection or injury, abnormal tissue growth, and illness.

How do the components of the immune system arrive at the site of injury/infection?

• Physical Factors (skin)
  • Mechanical Factors
  • Chemical Factors (acid)
  • Blood
  • Cellular Factors (monocytes)

exercise physiology

the
study of anatomic,
physiologic, and functional
responses and adaptations
that occur during and
following exercise.

primary areas of study in exercise physiology

acute responses and chronic adaptations

acute responses are

short term changes

chronic adaptations are

long term adaptations

what are substrates

energy sources

Substrate utilization is based on what two factors

Exercise intensity and duration

Where can glucose/glycogen be stored in the body?

Muscles, liver, blood stream

Lactic acid causes what to increase

H+ ions

H+ causes fatigue because of an increase in _____

acidity

Increased protein synthesis causes muscle fiber

hypertrophy

type 1 muscle fibers

slow twitch, slow contraction time, high oxidative capacity, small diameter. High resistance to fatigue, small generating force

type 2 muscle fibers

fast twitch- faster contraction time, lower oxidative capacity, larger diameter, lower resistance to fatigue, higher generating forces

Starting at age __, bone mass decreases __% or more each year

40, 0.5

Energy Intake = Energy Expenditure

Stable Body Weight

Energy Intake > Energy Expenditure

Increase in Body Weight

Energy Intake < Energy Expenditure

Decrease in Body Weight

What is body max index?

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a weight-to-height ratio calculated
by dividing one’s weight by their height

two variables for BMI

height and weight

underweight BMI

<18.5

normal BMI

18.5-24.9

overweight BMI

25-29.9

obese BMI

30+

How many minutes of physical activity per week is recommended to maintain adequate health?

150 minutes

How many minutes of physical activity per week is recommended for weight loss?

300 minutes

What is clinical exercise physiology?

Healthcare profession that focuses on using exercise to prevent, manage, and rehabilitate chronic diseases and health conditions.

clinical exercise physiology primary responsibilities

Assess patients physical abilities and health conditions, design and implement personalized exercise programs, adjust and monitor patients’ progress

pre-exercise testing purpose

To identify individuals at higher risk of adverse events during physical activity by screening for underlying medical conditions

 

To screen for health risks, determine health status, and physical examination

cardiovascular disease risk factors

High blood pressure, family history, overweight/obesity, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, smoking, diabetes

 

Can you provide risk stratification based on risk factors?

1 or less- low risk, asymptomatic, no supervision necessary

 

2 or more- moderate risk, asymptomatic, vigorous exercise and max exercise testing recommends supervision

 

High risk- symptomatic or known cardiac, pulmonary, or metabolic disease, medical exam and GXT recommended before exercise, doctor supervision of exercise test recommended

diagnostic testing

testing identifies a disease or a medical condition

functional capacity testing

measures an individual’s physical abilities and limitations

 

What is the purpose of an RPE scale? What is its range?

6-20, rating of perceived exertion

What are the five components of health related fitness testing?

Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition

What variables need to be considered when developing an exercise prescription?

Frequency, intensity, time, type, and volume

What should be included in an exercise prescription?

Mode, frequency, duration, intensity, progression

cardiovascular diseases

• Myocardial Infarction
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Angina Pectoris
• Cardiac Arrhythmia
• Valvular Heart Disease
• Chronic Heart Failure

respiratory diseases

• Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Restrictive Pulmonary Disease
• Asthma
• Cystic Fibrosis

metabolic diseases

• Diabetes Mellitus
• Hyperlipidemia
• Obesity

Orthopedic or Neuromuscular Disease

• Muscular Dystrophy
• Osteoporosis
• Arthritis