Psych final exam p. 3

Bystander effect

People do not want to get involved because they assume someone else has taken care of it.

Pluralistic ignorance

You rely on the inaction of others around and conclude that maybe no intervention is necessary.

Diffusion of responsibility

"I don't need to get involved, I'm sure someone else will help."
Kitty Genovese (stabbed in apartment, attacker came back, raped and killed her. Many heard or saw and didn't try to help or call the police).

Cost benefit analysis

You decide if the costs of help are worth getting involved.

Altruism

Prosocial behavior with no desire or expectation or reward/reciprocation.

Prosocial behavior

Social behavior that benefits another person.

Differences in gender when it comes to helping people

Fairly equal, but men tend to help more in physical situations and women help more in emotional ones.

Personality traits in regards to who helps

People high in agreeableness!

Prosocial personality

Some people are high in other oriented empathy and have the characteristics of helpfulness.

Reciprocal altruism

Golden rule/karma. Helping others when they are in crisis so that they will pass on the good deed.

Egoistic motivation

What's in it for me bruh

Empathetic concern

Care for others

Personal distress

Helpers who do not empathize with a victim and have an egoistic motivation. They are less likely to help if they think they can escape the situation.

HOW TO BE PROSOCIAL 101

Noticing
Defining an emergence (interpret cues from event or people involved)
Taking responsibility (decide you need to get involved)
Taking action (help, assume costs vs. rewards)

Objective social variables

Factors based on evidence, not opinions/perceptions (# of coworkers, roomates, ect)

Social integration

Your integration into social networks or how you fit in.

Subjective social variables

Personal opinions and feelings rather than facts

Social support

Your perception of how much you feel cared for. Can you receive help from others in your network?

Subjective well-being

Perceived happiness (life satisfaction, positive feelings, negative feelings)

Presence of a relationship

Intensifying the amount of relationships, social networks, # of friends
More social relationships=more positive sense of well-being
Few close connections>having lots of friends

Quality of a relationship

They need to be GOOD relationships!
Social support and conflict are related to subjective well-being
Has huge impact on life

What constitutes a good vs. bas marriage?

Good is high life satisfaction, and health. Bad would be depression, stress, anxiety, low life satisfaction, lose of sense of self, and shame.

Family orientation

The family you were born into

Family of procreation

The family you create

Nuclear family

The core unit of parents/kids, a group of people united by family

Intimacy

We seek out close, meaningful relationships for support, care, and love

Attachment theory

Our connections with parents from birth and how they relate to future relationships

Secure attachment

60% of people. Its being comfortable depending on others and having them depend on you.

Anxious avoidant attachment

20% of people. You suppress your feelings/desires, and have difficulty depending on others

Anxious resistant

20% of peoples. You're self critical, insecure, and fearful of rejection

Learned helplessness

Lack sense of control about a situation. Often stems from abuse.

Intrinsic motivation

You do something because it is rewarding, fun, challenging, or satisfying to you.

Extrinsic motivation

You do something because it leads to an external outcome (money for grades, you go on a big trip)

Goal adoption

Can be conscious or unconscious but it relates to if we think something will be both valuable and attainable.

Goal priming

Activation of a goal following exposure to cures related to the goal.

Cultural display rules

Rules that are learned early in life that specify how and when to use emotions in a culture

Display rules

Controlling display of emotions in social settings.

Social referencing

The process where individuals seek out information from others to clarify a situation and then use that info to act.

What is positive psychology?

Focuses on building character strengths. The 3 key strengths are forgiveness, gratitude, and humility. The goal is to flourish in life!

Who founded positive psychology

Martin Seligman

Personality state vs. trait

A state is a present moment while a trait is an intrinsic way of thinking/behaving.

Big 5 traits OCEAN (and their high scores)

Openness: Curious, untraditional
Conscientiousness: Never late, self-disciplined
Extraversion: Optimistic, affectionate
Agreeableness: Good-natured, helpful
Neuroticism: Insecure, worrying

Trait situation interaction

the context you are in will affect the way your traits are expressed (talkative w the fam but silent in new friend groups)

Halo effect

Tendency of interviewer to see positive characteristics during personality assessments

What is a personality disorder?

Rigid, persistent, and maladaptive behavior pattern that interferes with social interactions

Avoidant personality

Social inhibition, hypersensitive. Has introversion and neuroticism. (Michael Jackson, Elsa)

Dependent

Submissive, clingy, fear of separation. Neuroticism and maladaptive agreeableness. (Snow White)

Antisocial

Uses others, breaks laws, reckless (more males)
No regard for other or consequences, low in agreeableness. Irritable and self centered. (Scar, the Joker, the Grinch)

Borderline

Moody, unstable, no identity (3x more likely in women). Self destructive, emotions can be inappropriate or excessive. (The Hulk, Anakin Skywalker)

Obsessive-Compulsive disorder

Perfectionism, maladaptive conscientiousness, ruminative, intrusive/anxious thoughts, repeated behaviors. (The White Rabbit)

Paranoid

Odd or eccentric thinking. Mistrust and suspicion of others. (Richard Nixon)

Schizoid

Withdrawn, cold. Introversion, anhedonia (lack of pleasure or ability to feel it). (Squidward from Sponge Bob)

Histrionic

Attention seeking, seductiveness, drama queen.
Maladaptive extraversion, strong attachment needs. (Regina George)

Schizotypal

Weird ideas, antagonism.
Neuroticism, and introversion. (Doc Brown from Back to the Future)

Narcissistic

Reactive anger, need for praise, acclaim seeking. Neuroticism, extroversion, conscientiousness. (my dad lol)

What is psychopharmacology?

Drugs that affect the body by altering the actions of the neurotransmitters

Psychodynamics

The interrelation of the unconscious and conscious mental and emotional forces that determine personality and motivation. Think Freud.

Third force

Humanistic approach.

Self actualization

Maslow's hierarchy of needs!

Psychoanalysis

Looking at the past (childhood, your dreams) in a super in depth way.

Humanistic/Person centered approach to therapy

Helps someone discover their self-worth and motivate them to change.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT

Examines how thoughts, behaviors, and emotions interact. It's present focused and pretty brief but effective. Addresses the thoughts in order to fix errors and change behavior.
Relieve symptoms and resolve problems, develop strategies to cope with future problems, and change thinking to be more rational, positive, and self-helping.
Pros: cheaper (short), focuses on present not the past
Cons: potential bias of what the therapist thinks is “normal”

Exposure therapy

Slow exposure to phobias or other things to build tolerance and resolve anxiety

Mindfulness based therapy

Focuses on awareness of emotions and sensations rather than trying to fix them. Uses self regulation, orientation to the present, and sometimes yoga/exercise.

Group Therapy

Family counsels, support groups.
Pros: cheaper (multiple people pay), therapist can see social interactions, provides emotional and social support
Cons: not for everyone or every issue, clients have to share therapist, some are shy

Problem focused coping

Eliminate stress through their own actions. Use those resources babe.

Emotion focused coping

Change the way you feel or react to the stressor.

Internal locus

The outcome of your actions are the results of your own abilities. You are the cause of your outcomes.

Self efficacy

Belief that you can succeed at a task

Social relationships

Greater predictor for well being! Social integration helps with stress. Social integration is the number of social roles you have and the lack of isolation.
You get social support from your relationships
Social isolation increases risk for disease
Our souls are designed to be social and we do better when we have connection

Isolation

Increased risk for disease

Integration

Number of roles you have

Support

Emotional, tangible help or advice

Type A personalities are...

2x more at risk of heart disease (competition, hostility, overall more stressed)