Digestive system

What is the process of breaking food down into smaller particles suitable for absorption called?

Digestion

The process where end products of digestion move across the digestive tract walls into the blood and lymph is called _____.

Absorption

Which layer of the digestive tract is the innermost layer?

Mucosa

Which digestive tract layer contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands?

Submucosa

What are the two primary types of movement performed by the muscle layer of the digestive tract?

Segmentation and peristalsis

The outermost lining of the digestive tract is known as the _____.

Serosa

What is the specific name for the nervous system that innervates the digestive tract?

Enteric nervous system

What is the medical term for the process of chewing food in the mouth?

Mastication

Which structure in the mouth helps prevent food from entering the nasal passages during swallowing?

Uvula

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

Which structure acts as a passage for both food and air?

Pharynx

What is the primary function of the esophagus?

A passage for food from the pharynx to the stomach

Which organ regulates the rate at which partially digested food is delivered to the small intestine?

Stomach

What is the name of the fluid secreted by the stomach to aid in digestion?

Gastric juice

The stomach absorbs small quantities of water and _____ substances.

dissolved

Which stomach region is the uppermost, rounded portion?

Fundus What is the name of the sphincter located between the esophagus and the stomach?

What is the name of the sphincter located between the esophagus and the stomach?

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Which sphincter regulates the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum?

Pyloric sphincter

The accordion-like folds in the stomach lining that allow it to expand are called _____.

Rugae

Which stomach cells are responsible for secreting HCl and intrinsic factor?

Parietal cells

Which stomach cells secrete digestive enzymes?

Chief cells

What are the three segments of the small intestine in order?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

What is the primary location where the process of digestion is completed?

Small intestine

Which structure holds the small intestine in place within the abdominal cavity?

Mesentery

Which structures in the small intestine significantly increase the surface area for absorption?

Villi and microvilli

What is the name of the specialized lymphatic capillary within a villus that absorbs fats?

Lacteal

Which segment of the large intestine is the first part, located below the ileocecal valve?

Cecum

What is the small, worm-like structure attached to the cecum called?

Appendix

List the segments of the colon in the order that waste travels through them.

Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon

What are the two primary substances absorbed by the large intestine?

Water and electrolytes

Which essential vitamin is synthesized by bacteria within the large intestine?

Vitamin K

The elimination of waste from the body via the rectum and anus is called _____.

Defecation

What is the largest glandular organ that performs functions like bile synthesis and detoxification?

Liver

The liver synthesizes _____ proteins, such as albumin.

Plasma

What is the functional unit of the liver called?

Liver lobule

Which blood system delivers nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs directly to the liver?

Hepatic portal system

Where is bile stored and concentrated before being released into the duodenum?

Gallbladder

What is the common name for the network of ducts that includes the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts?

Biliary tree

Which accessory organ secretes both digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the duodenum

Pancreas

What is the name of the opening where the common bile duct enters the duodenum?

Ampulla of Vater

Which muscle regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

Sphincter of Oddi

Amylases break down polysaccharides into _____.

Disaccharides

What are the three primary intestinal disaccharidases?

Sucrase, maltase, and lactase

What is the end product of carbohydrate digestion that is absorbed into the villi?

Monosaccharides

Which group of enzymes is responsible for breaking down proteins?

Proteases

What are the final end products of protein digestion?

Amino acids

What is the process called when bile salts break large fat globules into tiny fat droplets?

Emulsification

Which enzymes break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol?

Lipases

What are the two major categories of carbohydrates in nutrition?

Simple sugars and complex carbohydrates

Proteins that contain all the essential amino acids are classified as _____ proteins

Complete

What are the two categories used to classify vitamins?

Fat-soluble and water-soluble

Which type of fat is generally considered healthier: saturated or unsaturated?

Unsaturated

What are the five categories of nutrients?

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals

The longitudinal muscle bands on the outer surface of the large intestine are called _____.

Tenia coli

The pouch-like segments of the large intestine caused by the tenia coli are known as _____.

Haustra

Which hormone is secreted by the stomach to stimulate the release of gastric juice?

Gastrin

The semi-fluid mass of partially digested food passed from the stomach to the small intestine is called _____.

Chyme

Which enzyme is found in saliva to begin the digestion of starches?

Salivary amylase

Which protease is secreted by the stomach in an inactive form called pepsinogen?

Pepsin

The yellowing of the skin and eyes, often associated with liver or gallbladder issues, is called _____.

Jaundice

Which intestinal enzyme activates trypsinogen into trypsin?

Enteropeptidase (enterokinase)

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In the small intestine, absorption of nutrients occurs primarily across the _____.

Epithelium of the villus

Besides waste storage, what is one function of the intestinal microbiota?

Synthesis of vitamins

Which stomach layer is unique because it has three layers of muscle instead of two?

muscularis externa Muscle layer

What are the three muscle layers of the stomach?

Longitudinal, circular, and oblique muscle layers

Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin?

Stomach

Which organ is responsible for the phagocytosis of old red blood cells and bacteria?

Liver

What is the primary role of the palatine tonsils?

Immune defense within the mouth

Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

Epiglottis

What occurs during the process of segmentation in the small intestine?

Mechanical mixing of chyme with digestive juices