Carbohydrates

Flashcards for Carbohydrates Lecture Review

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbohydrates Composition

Elemental composition of carbohydrates is carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbohydrate Molecules

Carbohydrate molecules have the same number of oxygen and carbon atoms.

Lipids

Class of molecules with many more carbon atoms than oxygen atoms.

Determining if a molecule is a carbohydrate

Count the carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens. If the number of carbons and oxygens are the same, it is a carbohydrate.

Monosaccharides

Monomers of carbohydrates; also referred to as simple sugars.

Common Monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Glucose

Key source of energy for organisms; commonly known as blood sugar or dextrose.

Fructose

Fruit sugar found in many plants.

Galactose

Milk sugar hydrolyzed from disaccharide lactose; least sweet of the three.

Ribose

Component in the structure of RNA.

Deoxyribose

Component in the structure of DNA, lacking one oxygen.

Hexose

A sugar with a six-carbon ring.

Pentose

A sugar with a five-carbon ring.

Hydrophilic

Carbohydrates that form hydrogen bonds with water.

Dehydration Synthesis

The reaction that combines two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide.

Disaccharide (Dimer)

Two monomers bonded together.

Sucrose

Glucose-fructose; found in plants.

Lactose

Galactose-glucose; found in milk.

Maltose

Glucose-glucose; from degradation of starch.

Hydrolysis

The reaction which splits disaccharides into monosaccharides.

Lactase

The enzyme needed to break the bond between glucose and galactose.

Polysaccharides

Many monosaccharides joined together to form a polymer.

Starch

A carbohydrate storage polysaccharide found in plants.

Glycogen

A carbohydrate storage polysaccharide found in animals (muscles/liver).

Cellulose

A polysaccharide that provides structural support to plant cell walls.

Chitin

A polysaccharide that provides structural support to exoskeletons of insects/crabs and cell walls of fungi.

Cellulase

The enzyme present in humans that cannot digest cellulose.

N-acetyl glucosamine

Cell support in insects, crabs, and lobsters to add to human supplements.

Galactose

A monosaccharide

Sucrose

Glucose-Fructose

Cellulose

Many glucose molecules joined together.