Biotech Exam1 BSC4422

Historical Examples of Bitoech

Selective Breading- manipulating plant +animal livestok

Plant Domestication- cross pollination

Animal domestication- sheep,cows, goats and pigs

Fermentation- use of sugar to make alcohol

Use of antibiotics

Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin in 1928

Modern examples of biotech

gene cloning, recombinant dna tech (begin of the modern biotech industry), genetic engineering, and the human genome project

Human genome project years

1990-2003

More modern examples of biotech

vaccines, diagnostics

disease resistant plants, food crops with greater yeild, personalized medicine

biotech medicine

"Golden rice"

rice genetically engineered to be more nutritious

Microbial biotech

Use of microorganisms to make valubel products and applications, creat better enzymes, make vaccines, more efficient decontamination process for waste removal.

Before 1982 insulin was made from:

animal products (pigs and cows)

when did insulin get FDA approval

1982

Agricultural biotech

Plant biotech, genetically engineering plants to make them, more environmental friendly, resistant to diseases, foods with higher protein/vitamin content, drought resistant and tolerant to cold temps

Animal biotech

genetically engineer animals to be used as: bioreactors, model organims (for knockout experiments), organismal cloning)

T

Transgenic animals

animals with genes from another source, female transgenic animals express therapeutic proteins in milk, remeber transgenic goats

Gene knockout

"loss of function", disrupt a gene in an animal to study the function of the animal w/o the gene to identify the gene's purpose.

rats and mice

model organisms since they are similair to humans

Forensic biotech

DNA fingerprinting, solve crimes, determine paternity, track organisms that spread disease.

Alec Jeffreys

developed DNA profiling in 1988 (geno typing)

Bioremediation biotech

use of living organisms to process, degrade, and clean up natural or man made pollutants, breaks down oil spills and hazaderous materials,

Examples of Bioremediation

1989- Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska

2010- Deep water horizon spill

Aquatic biotech

use of aquatic organisms for biotech,

gen engineer- diease resistant strains of oysters

develop vaccines against viruses of salmon and other finfish

Transgenic salmon

carry a version of the growth hormone gene that functions year-round, rather than primarily in the summer.

50% of all fish consumed worldwide is

Aquaculture

Bioprospecting

Marine plankton + snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules.

Medical biotech

use of organisms to improve the entire spectrum of human health and medicine

Diagnonis of health and illness, preventative med, treating of human diseases, stem cell tech

Prokaryotic cells "pili" function

used in conjugation (cell to cell contact) in exchange of genetic material.

1869, Swiss biologist Friedrich Miescher

"Nuclein"- found to have acidic properties that could not be broken down by proteases (not a protein) would be renamed "Nucleic acids" with 2 types (DNA +RNA)

1928, British bacteriologist Frederick Griffth experiment

Two strains of bacteria

S-smooth covered in capsule (mice died, since their immune system couldnt breakdown the capsule)

Frederick Griffth 1928 contin

R-rough, no capsule (mice survived)

heat killed S- mice survived (heat degraded the capsule)

Heat killed S+ live R= all died becasue R took up the S cell DNA and became virulent

1944 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty

3 tubes of S-cells

1st- Mice died, R cells couldnt transform because DNA of S cells was degraded

2nd- mice died, evidence that DNA is genetic material

3rd- mice lived, proved that DNA is "transforming Factor"

DNA structure made of

each nucleotide made of Pentose (5 carbon sugar)

One nitrogenous base

phosphate molecule

Names of nucleotide bases

A(adenine), T (thymine), G(guanine), C(cytosine)

Diff between deoxy and ribose

Deoxy= 2 strands+ H

Ribose= single strand, has OH

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkesn in 1951

Proved DNA had a helical structure via x-rays

James Watson and Francis Crick 1953

discovered the structure of DNA

Phosphodiester Bonds

bonds used to hold nucleotides together in a strand

two strands of DNA are held together by

hydrogen bonds

complementary base pairs

A-T and G-C

Two strands are ____ to each other

antiparallel

Leading strand runs

5' to 3' towards the fork and is made continuously

Lagging strand runs

3' to 5' away from replication fork, made in fragments (Okazaki fragments)

Chromatin

Strings of DNA wrapped around DNA-binding proteins called histones

Chromosomes

tightly coiled arrangement of DNA and proteins

Most humans __ sets of chromosomes paternal and maternal

23 pairs, 46 in total

choromsomes also called ___

Autosomes____

Sex chromosomes___

Homologous pairs

chromosomes 1-22

chromosome pair #23 (male + female)

Gametes

sex cells, single set of 23 chromosomes (hapliod, n)

All other cells that are not sex cells are

somatic cells( body cell)

Chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

separated during mitosis

Centromere

Joins sister chromatids together, each ends with a telomere.

Kinetochore

A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.

Telomere

repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome, enables cell to divide without losing genes,

shorten with age or cancer

attaches chromosomes to nuclear envelope

Sister chromatid can called

Chromosomes in the FORM of single chromatids

Helicase

separates DNA strands, results in replication fork

Primase

enzyme that lays RNA primers for DNA polymerase, marks the start of construction of new strand of DNA

DNA polymerase

enzyme that binds to rna primer to add dna bases, can only add to the 5-3 direction

once a new dna has been made the enzyme___ removes all the rna primers from both strands of dna

exonuclease, another dna polymerase fills in the gaps with dna

dna ligase

seals the fragments of dna

Semi-conservative DNA

one old, conserved strand and one new one.

What are Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis, reads mRNA, read 3 at a time

tRNAs do what

transfer amino acids to the growing polypeptide in a ribosome

When the last amino acid has been added

the chain is released and folds into 3D structure to form a protein

Karyotype (stereotype)

way to study chromosomes # and the basic aspects of its structure.

What is a gene

segment of DNA that codes for a protein or type of RNA

How long are most genes

1,000-4,000 nucleotides long

Genes influence

how cells, tissues, and organs appear

Genes

provide instructions on how to synthesize proteins, not all genes makes proteins, some are invovled in making tRNA

Genome

all the DNA in an organisms cell

how many protein coding genes

roughly 20,000

what are the two genomes

nuclear and mitochondrial

Purpose of human genome project i

international effort to determine the base pairs that makeup human DNA and identifying, mapping, and sequecning of the all the genes

What is Deoxyribose missing on its 2' carbon?

and Oxygen molecule

First team of scientists to prove that DNA was the "transforming factor"

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty (1944)

Somatic cells divide by ___

mitosis- indentical daughter cells

what must happen before mitosis can happen

DNA replication

What stage does DNA replication happen

Interphase

Cell cycle

G1-growth

S- growth+DNA replication

G2- growth+ final prep for division

mitosis

cytokinesis

Sex cells divide via

meiosis- 4 daughter cells not identical

Why are daughter cells in meiosis not identical to each other?

independent assortment

Meiosis 1 during division

Homologous chromosomes separate

Meiosis 2 during division

sister chromatids separate to opposite ends

bond formed between the phosphate in one nucleotide and the sugar in the previous nucleotide

Phosphodiester bonds

Polymerase integrates a nucleotide then__

hydrogen and phosphate are released

Central dogma

DNA-RNA-Protein

Transcription

DNA to RNA code

Translation

RNA to protein

Transcription factors are __ that bind to__

proteins, promoters

Enhancers are ___ that bind to___

DNA nucleotides, activators

RNA polymerase

Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription and creates mRNA

AUG

start codon, methonine

RNA strands can also be called

pre-mRNA

RNA polymerase copies DNA in what direction

3'-5'

RNA polymerase synthesizes new rna strands in what directions

5'-3'

Upstream

goes against

downstream

goes with

2 other types of RNA that are produced via transcription

tRNA(60-70 nucleotides long) and rRNA (60% of the mass of ribosome)

Only type of RNA that is translated.

mRNA

Types of mRNA processing

- 5' Cap

- 3' Poly-A Tail

- RNA splicing Splicing out of Introns

stop codons

UAA, UGA, UAG

u are annoying

u go away

u are gone

Peptidyl transferase

An enzyme in the ribosome responsible for peptide bond formation during translation.

A site

P site

E site

Locations on the large subunit of the ribosome. Each tRNA moves from A to P to E as they drop off their amino acid.

additional 40,000 types of protein come from__-

alternative splicing

APE

A (aminocacyl) P(peptidyl) E (exit)