Chapter 5 Tissue Organization (Anatomy and Physiology: An Integrative Approach) (ADOPTED)

cell

smallest functional unit of the human organism

tissue

groups of similar cells and extracellular material that perform a common function

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

four main types of tissue

stem cells

immature, undifferentiated cells

extracellular matrix

_______________ __________ is composed of varying amounts of protein fibers, water, and dissolved molecules. Consistency ranges from fluid o semisolid to solid

differentiation

the varying ability to differentiate into almost any type of cell

epithelial tissue

the functions of ______________ include physical protection, selective permeability, production of secrections, and containment of nerve endings to detect sensations

epithelial

characteristics of _________________ tissue: cellularity, polarity, attachment to basal membrane, avascularity, extensive innervation, high regeneration capacity

microvilli

component of some tissues that increase membrane surface area for greater absorption

cilia

cell componenet that moves substances over cell surface

basement membrane

thin layer at the basal surface of epithelial tissue that helps attach it to underlying connective tissue

selective permeability

only certain things can pass through the membrane through passive transport

polarity

function of epithelia: epithelium has an apical surface which is exposed either to the external environment or to some internal body structure "exposed to stuff"

cellularity

function of epithelial tissue

composed almost entirely out of tightly packed cells.

minimal amount of extracellular matrix between cells

inervation

supplied with nerves

endocrine gland

lacks ducts, secretes hormones directly into bloodstream

exocrine gland

oozes to outside (sweat, saliva) through ducts to the outside. Formed from invaginated epithelium in ct.

unicellular exocrine gland(s)

typically do not contain ducts. located close to the surface of the epithelium they reside in (goblet cells)

multicellular exocrine gland

contains numerous cells that work together to produce secretion to the outside (much more common). acini-secreting cells, ducts transport secretions to epithelial surface.

merocrine gland

no damage to cells; clear secretion (salivary glands). package secretion in vesicles released by exocytosis, includes lamicral and salivary glands

apocrine gland

cloudier secretions; bacteria will feed on secretions. pinches off "a part" of the cell (mammary glands)

holocrine gland

huge turnover rate; destroys "whole cell" to release secretion (sebaceous gland). cell ruptures

resident cell

stationary cells that are permanently housed within connective tissue. help support, maintain, and repair extracellular matrix

wandering cell

continuously move throughout connective tissue proper and are components of the immune system

they also may help repair damaged extracellular matrix (leukocytes)

connective

the functions of __________________ tissue include: physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage (calcium stored in bones), transport (blood), immune protection (defense system)

secretion

getting rid of something from within the gland cell

electrolytes

___________________ dissolve and dissociate in water to a certain extent as water molecules form hydrogen shells around each ion

mucin

glycoprotein when hydrated becomes mucus

ions

atoms with either a positive or negative charge

simple gland

gland with single, unbranched duct

compound gland

gland with branched ducts

goblet cell

unicellular gland that secrets mucin

connective tissue

type of tissue that supports, protects, and binds organs

mesenchyme tissue

first connective tissue to emerge in developing embryo

classifications

the ________________________ of connective tissue include: connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue

glial cells

responsible for protection, nourishment, and support of neurons

neurons

receive, send, and transmit nerve impulses

skeletal muscle tissue

responsible for movement of skeleton

smooth muscle tissue

responsible for involuntary propulsion of materials through hollow organs (especially in digestive tract)

adipose connective tissue

surrounds and supports structures and organs, binds skin to muscle, provides insulation

dense regular connective tissue

forms tendons that bind muscle to bone and ligaments that bind bone to bone

mucous membrane, serous membrane, cutaneous membrane, synovial membrane

four body membranes

synovial membrane

membrane around joints to lubricate

mucous membrane

membrane that lines compartments indirectly exposed to air; they create a moist trap

body membrane

formed from epithelial layer that is bound to an underlying connective tissue

serous membrane

membrane that lines cavities that are typically not exposed to external environment

cutaneous membrane

membrane which covers external body surface; directly in contact with outside

hypertrophy

elevated growth in size of cell (long-term exercise regime)

hyperplasia

elevated growth in number of cells (developing a callus on your hand)

atrophy

shrinking in cell size, or number (individual becomes bedridden and cannot regularly exercise)

metaplasia

changes mature epithelium to different form (smokers experiencing change of epithelial tissues of the trachea)

neoplasia

tissue growth preceding out of control (cancer)

necrosis

tissue death

gangrene

death of cell tissues followed by infection of dead tissues

histology

study of tissues

embryonic stem cells

thought to be able to differentiate into any cell type, pluripotent

adult stem cells

thought to be limited to differentiating only to different cell types based on their tissue of origin.

Primary role of these is to repair the tissue in which they are found.

classification of epithelium

based on shape of cells and layers

simple epithelium

one layer thick, all cells in direct contact with basement membrane, found in areas of minimal stress, designed for diffusion, absorption, and secretion functions. Ex: lining of air sacs of lungs, intestines, blood vessels

stratified epithelium

two or more layers of epithelial cells, only basal layer in contact with basement membrane. Found in areas subjected to mechanical stress. Ex: skin, lining of esophagus, bladder lining

pseudostratified epithelium

technically simple epithelium, appears layered. all cells in contact with basal membrane, however some may not reach apical surface. Ex: trachea

squamous cells

flat, wide, irregular shaped cells

cuboidal cells

slender and about as tall as they are wide, nucleus is spherical and in center of cell

columnar cells

slender and taller than they are wide, nucleus is oval and towards base of cell

transitional cells

change shape depending on stretch of epithelium

simple squamous epithelium, example

kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, blood vessels

simple cuboidal epithelium, example

surface of ovaries, walls of renal tubes

simple columnar epithelium, example

lining of stomach, small intestine, uterus

stratified squamous epithelium, example

vagina, esophagus, epidermis outer layers

stratified cuboidal epithelium, example

sweat gland duct

stratified columnar epithelium, example

kidney tubule

gland

individual cells or multicellular organs composed predominantly of epithelial tissue, secrete substances for use elsewhere or for elimination.

tubuloacinar gland

both tubules and acini

acinar glands

secretory portion forming an expanded sac

tubular glands

secretory portion and duct of uniform diameter like a tube

simple glands

single, unbranched duct

compound glands

branched ducts

endocrine vs exocrine glands

endocrine have no ducts, exocrine secrete via ducts

characteristics of connective tissue

contains cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

The protein fibers and ground substance together make up the ECM

resident cells, examples

fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, fixed macrophages

wandering cells, examples

mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophages, & other leukocytes

Protein fibers found in connective tissue

collagen, elastic, reticular

connective tissue examples

tendons and ligaments, body fat, cartilage, bone, blood

Molecules that may be found in ground substance

Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, adherant glycoproteins

ct physical protection examples

bones protect organs, adipose tissue protects eyes

ct support and structure examples

bones for a framework, cartilage keeps trachea open, supportive tissue surrounds spleen

ct binding of structures

ligaments bind bone to bone

tendons bind muscle to bone

ct storage

adipose tissue is body's major energy reserve

ct transport

blood carries nutrients, waste, gases

ct immune protection

leukocytes protect body from disease, ecm restricts movement of infectious organisms

common origin ct

mesenchyme dispersed in ground substance with immature protein fibers, adult ct houses mesenchymal(stem) cells to provide support in tissue repair

mucous ct

second type of embryonic ct, found in umbilical cord only

areolar loose ct

protects tissues and organs; binds skin and some epithelia to deeper tissue. Found in papillary layer of the dermis, surrounds organs, nerve cells, some muscle cells, and blood vessels

reticular loose ct

provides stroma to lymphatic organs. location spleen, lymph nodes and red bone marrow

dense irregular ct

withstands stresses applied in all directions, located in most of dermis of skin; periosteum covering of bone; perichondrium covering cartilage. structure is collagen fibers randomly arranged and clumped together; fibroblasts in speces among fibers, more ground substance than in dense regular ct.

dense elastic ct

predominantly compused of elastic fibers, fibroblasts occupy some spaces between fibers. Functions for stretching and recoil. Located in walls of elastic arteries such as the aorta. Also located in trachea, vocal cords.

hyaline cartilage ct

most common type of cartilage

irregularly arranged dhondrocytes in lacunae with glassy matrix

provides support; forms most of fetal skeleton

Locations include tip of nose, most of larynx, costal cartilage, trachea

fibrocartilage ct

readily visible numerous parallel collagen fibers, large chondrocytes in lacunae, no perichondriuM.

Weight-bearing cartilage that resists compression. Acts as shock absorber in some joints.

Locations include intervertebral discs, pubic symphisis, and menisci of knee joints

elastic cartilage ct

flexible springy cartilage that maintains shape while permitting flexibility.

Locations external ear and epiglottis.

Abundant elastic fibers form weblike mesh.

Chondrocytes in lacunae.

Perichondrium present.

bone

more solid than cartilage, contains organic components(collagen and glycoproteins), inorganic comp0onents(calcium salts), osteocytes housed within lacunae of the ecm, covered by periosteum of dense irregular ct