NCE Stats

t-test

Compares mean values of a continuous variable between 2 categories/groups

Rosenthal Effect

the result when an experimenter's preconceived idea of appropriate responding influences the treatment of participants and their behavior

Ipsatively interpreted

comparing the results on the test within the individual (to the individual's previous test score)

post hoc investigation

concluding results "after the fact"

Normative Test

results are compared with a large body of test takers who have established a normal range of scores

Horizontal test

measures various factors (e.g. math and science) during the same testing procedure (e.g. test battery)

coefficient of determination

a measure of the amount of variation in the dependent variable about its mean that is explained by the regression equation (r= .7, take .7 x.7 = .49 x 100 = 49% true variance)

Bender Gestalt II

Assists in identifying developmental, psychological, or neurological deficits

causal comparative design

true experiment except groups were not randomly assigned; data can be analyzed with test of significance (t-test, ANOVA) just like any true experiment. (Ex post facto, as well)

ANOVA

comparison of variance, Compares mean values of a contributes variable for more than 2 / multiple categories/groups

R.A. Fisher

pioneered hypothesis testing

ordinate

y-axis (dependent variable)

counterbalancing

A method of controlling for order effects in a repeated measure design by either including all orders of treatment or by randomly determining the order for each subject

power test

a test with no fixed time limits and relatively difficult items

vertical test

has versions for various age brackets or levels of education

face validity

the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring

incremental validity

the process in which a test is refined improved predictive validity provides info not available by other measures

Synthetic Validity

A method of testing the validity of a selection procedure by combining jobs that require similar abilities and by separately validating the specific predictors intended to measure those abilities

J.P. Guilford

Proposed that intelligence consists of 150 distinct abilities. developed convergent & divergent thinking

shrinkage

where the cross-validation coefficient is smaller than the initial validity coefficient

SAS

standard age score, replaced the old IQ formula

Formats for Projective Tests

1) association - what do you see in the inkblot?

2) completion - complete the sentences with real feelings

3) construction - draw a person

reliability scores

decrease when the test gets shorter

ideographic studies

single-subject research

internal validity

extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study between independent & dependent variable

external validity

extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

chi-square

measures if an actual distribution differs from a theoretical distribution

basic research

conducted to advance scientific knowledge

applied research / action research

research undertaken to solve a specific problem

MANOVA

A statistical test used to evaluate the relationship between three or more (multiple) levels of an independent variable and two or more dependent variables

F values

computed for one-way ANOVA's for each independent variable

test of significance

A statistical technique intended to provide researchers with confidence that their results are, in fact, true and not the result of sampling error

p-value

The probability level which forms basis for deciding if results are statistically significant (not due to chance).

independent group comparison design

In a study of two groups, change in one group DID NOT influence the other group.

Repeated-Measures Comparison Design

Measuring the SAME group of subjects without the IV and then with the IV

Type I Error

alpha, false positive, Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true

Type II Error

beta, false negative, rejecting the alternate hypothesis when it was true, accepting the null hypothesis when it is false

bivariate

two variables

multivariate

involving more than two variables

intensive experimental design

in these study N=1 and behaviorists like these. A baseline measure is taken, an intervention is tested, and then the results are compared to baseline. ABC for this is A = baseline, B = Intervention, C = second/alternative intervention. ( also ideographic or single subject design)

AB study

baseline is secured (A)

intervention implemented (B)

ABA study

baseline is secured (A)

intervention implemented (B)

outcome examined via new baseline (A)

abscissa

x-axis

z score

a type of standard score that tells us how many standard deviation units a given score is above or below the mean for that group

Stanine Scores

whole number scores from 1 to 9, each representing a wide range of raw scores

platykurtic distribution

Flatter and more spread out than a normal curve. (Memory: 'Plat' sounds like 'flat')

Leptokurtic distribution

Distribution curve is very tall, thin and peaked. (Memory: Leptokurtic leaps tall buildings in a single bound.)

S.S. Stevens 4 Measurement scales

nominal - classifies and names, no quantitative information

ordinal - rank orders variables

interval

ratio

Hawthorne Effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied

ANCOVA

Analysis of covariance. A statistical procedure examining variations between two or more sets of interval or ratio data while controlling for variables that may confound the data.

Demand Characteristics

cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected

stratified sampling

a variation of random sampling; the population is divided into subgroups and weighted based on demographic characteristics of the national population

cluster sampling

A probability sampling technique in which clusters of participants within the population of interest are selected at random, followed by data collection from all individuals in each cluster

snowball sampling

recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants

systematic sampling

select some starting point and then select every kth element in the population

sampling error

an error that occurs when a sample somehow does not represent the target population

operational definition

a statement outlining the procedures used to define research variables

matched design

a research design that matches the experimental participants with control participants who are similar on key characteristics

nonparametric test

an inferential statistical analysis that is not based on a set of assumptions about the population

SEM (standard error of measurement)

used to estimate how scores from repeated administrations of the same instrument to the same individual are distributed around the true score. the SEM is computed using the standard deviation and reliability coefficient of the test instruments

parametric

Data with an underlying normal distribution, use interval & ratio data

nonparametric statistics

A statistical method wherein the data is not required to fit a normal distribution. Often used nominal & ordinal data. Good for ranks. Inferential.

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies