BSC2085L Midterm Practical NONIMAGES

Appendicular Skeleton

The set of bones that includes the arms and legs, along with the girdles that connect them to the axial skeleton.

Pectoral Girdle

The bones that connect the arms to the axial skeleton, specifically the scapula and clavicle.

Scapula

Also known as the shoulder blade; connects the humerus (arm bone) to the clavicle.

Clavicle

Also known as the collar bone; serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum.

Humerus

The long bone in the upper arm; connects the shoulder to the elbow.

Radius

One of the two long bones in the forearm; located on the lateral side when the palm is facing forward.

Ulna

The other long bone in the forearm; located on the medial side and forms the elbow joint.

Carpals

The eight bones of the wrist.

Metacarpals

The five bones in the palm of the hand.

Phalanges

The bones of the fingers and toes; 14 phalanges in each hand.

Pelvic Girdle

The structure that connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, consisting of the two hip bones.

Acetabulum

The socket of the hip joint, where the femur connects.

Femur

The largest and strongest bone in the body, located in the thigh.

Patella

Also known as the kneecap; a sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.

Tibia

The larger and stronger of the two bones in the lower leg, commonly known as the shin bone.

Fibula

The non-weight bearing bone of the lower leg that provides stability.

Tarsals

The seven bones that make up the ankle.

Metatarsals

The five long bones in the foot.

Phalanges (toes)

The bones of the toes; similar in structure to the fingers.

Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that includes the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone, and auditory ossicles.

Vertebrae

The individual bones that make up the vertebral column, consisting of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae.

Cervical Vertebrae

The first seven vertebrae of the spine, labeled C1 through C7.

Atlas

The first cervical vertebra (C1) that supports the skull and lacks a body and spinous process.

Axis

The second cervical vertebra (C2) that has a projection called the dens or odontoid process.

Thoracic Vertebrae

The twelve vertebrae in the middle segment of the vertebral column, labeled T1 to T12, which articulate with the ribs.

Lumbar Vertebrae

The five vertebrae in the lower back, labeled L1 to L5, characterized by larger bodies to support more weight.

Sacrum

The five fused vertebrae (S1 to S5) that form a single bone in the lower back.

Coccyx

The small, triangular bone at the base of the vertebral column made up of four fused vertebrae (Co1 to Co4).

Ribs

The bones that form the thoracic cage, consisting of twelve pairs; classified as true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.

True Ribs

Rib pairs 1 to 7 that have a direct hyaline cartilage attachment to the sternum.

False Ribs

Rib pairs 8 to 12 that do not have a direct attachment to the sternum.

Floating Ribs

Rib pairs 11 and 12, which have no anterior attachment at all.

Sternum

The breastbone with three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Hyoid Bone

A U-shaped bone in the neck that does not articulate with any other bones.

Auditory Ossicles

Three tiny bones in the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes) that are involved in hearing.

Frontal Bone

The bone forming the forehead, part of the eye sockets, and the frontal sinuses.

Parietal Bone

A pair of bones forming the sides and roof of the cranium.

Temporal Bone

A pair of bones located at the sides and base of the skull, enclosing the structures of the ear.

Occipital Bone

The bone that forms the back and base of the skull.

Mandible

The lower jawbone, the largest and strongest bone of the face.

Maxilla

The upper jawbone, holding the upper teeth and forming part of the eye socket.

Zygomatic Bone

Also known as the cheekbone, it forms the prominence of the cheek.

Nasal Bone

A pair of small bones forming the bridge of the nose.

Vomer

A thin, flat bone forming part of the nasal septum.

Lacrimal Bone

A small bone forming part of the eye socket.

Ethmoid Bone

A light and spongy bone located between the eye sockets, forming part of the nasal cavity.

Sphenoid Bone

A butterfly-shaped bone located in the middle of the skull, forming part of the eye socket.

Coronal Suture

The fibrous joint that separates the frontal bone from the two parietal bones.

Sagittal Suture

The fibrous joint that separates the two parietal bones.

Lambdoid Suture

The fibrous joint that separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones.

Squamous Suture

The fibrous joint that connects the parietal and temporal bones.

Mandibular Notch

A notch in the mandible separating the coronoid and condylar processes.

Mental Foramen

An opening in the mandible for the mental nerve and vessels.

Condylar Process

The rounded end of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone.

Palatine Bone

A bone forming the back part of the hard palate and part of the eye socket.

Inferior Nasal Conchae

A pair of bones that form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

Axial Skeleton

The skeleton that touches the central axis of the body.

Appendicular Skeleton

The skeleton that forms the appendages, such as arms and legs, connecting them to the Axial Skeleton.

Epiphyseal Line

A remnant of the growth plate found in long bones.

Articular Cartilage

Smooth tissue that covers the ends of bones at joints.

Red Bone Marrow

The tissue responsible for producing blood cells.

Compact Bone

Dense bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones.

Spongy Bone

Lightweight, porous bone tissue found inside bones.

Osteon

The structural unit of compact bone.

Lacuna

Small cavities within bone tissue that house osteocytes.

Canaliculi

Microscopic channels in bone that connect lacunae.

Central Canal

The central part of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves.

Plasma membrane

The outer boundary of the cell that regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

Mitochondrion

The powerhouse of the cell that produces ATP through cellular respiration.

Golgi complex

An organelle that processes, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids.

Centrosome

An organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center.

Chromatin

The complex of DNA and proteins in the nucleus that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

Interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle during which the cell's contents double and DNA is replicated.

Prophase

The first phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane disappears and chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.

Metaphase

The second phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the cell equator.

Anaphase

The third phase of mitosis where double chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles.

Telophase

The final phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane reforms and cytoplasm begins to divide.

Cytokinesis

The process of dividing the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.

Membrane Transport

The process of moving molecules INTO and OUT OF the cell across the plasma membrane.

Simple Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Tonicity

The ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis.

Isotonic Solution

A solution where water moves in and out of the cell equally due to equal solute concentration.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution that causes more water to move into the cell than out, leading to swelling and potential rupture (hemolysis).

Hypertonic Solution

A solution that causes more water to move out of the cell than in, leading to cell shrinkage (crenation).

Benedict Reagent

A solution that turns yellow to green to orange to red in the presence of sugar when heated.

Silver Nitrate Test

A test for salt (NaCl) that produces a cloudy streak (white precipitate) if salt is present.

Starch and Membrane

Starch molecules are too big to move through the pores in the membrane.

Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that forms protective layers over surfaces and cavities in the body.

Simple Epithelium

Epithelial tissue that consists of a single layer of cells.

Stratified Epithelium

Epithelial tissue that is made up of multiple layers of cells.

Squamous Cells

Flat cells that make up certain types of epithelium.

Cuboidal Cells

Cube-shaped cells that are about as wide as they are tall.

Columnar Cells

Tall and column-like cells that can be either ciliated or non-ciliated.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A single layer of flat cells found in locations like blood vessels and alveoli of lungs.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A single layer of cuboidal cells, typically found in kidney tubules and salivary ducts.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A single layer of taller cells often containing goblet cells, found in the small intestine.

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

A single layer of cells that appear to be stratified but all touch the basement membrane, typically found in the trachea.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium - Nonkeratinized

Multiple layers of flat cells lining moist areas such as the esophagus and vagina.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium - Keratinized

Multiple layers of flat cells with keratin, found on dry surfaces like the skin.