Gabbie’s super awesome AP Human Geography Study Set

Formal Region

Type of region that has close similarities in physical or cultural features

Functional Region

Type of region that is centered around cores/nodes that have similar functions/activities

Vernacular Region

Type of region that people believe to exist as a part of their cultural identity/Area based on perception

Site

Physical Characteristics of a place

Situation

Location in relation to something else

Malthusian Theory

Theory that while food production grows arithmetically human population grows exponentially

Stage one (DTM)

Low growth, Preindustrial, Agrarian society

Stage one (DTM)

High birth rates and high Death Rates

Stage two (DTM)

High Growth

Stage Two (DTM)

Death rates decline, Birth rates stay high

Stage Three (DTM)

Moderate growth, Mature industrial Economy

Stage Three (DTM)

Birth rates and Death rates drop

Stage Four (DTM)

Low Growth, Post industrial

Demographic Equation

Population over time in an area

Industrialization

Evolving from producing primary goods to mass-producing factories

Primary Sector

Sector that deals with the extraction of natural resources

Secondary Sector

Sector in which the processing and manufacturing occurs

Tertiary sector

Sector that consists of services for people

Quaternary Sector

Sector with service jobs with research and development

MDC (More developed countries)

Experienced industrialization

LDC (Less developed countries)

Have not gone through industrialization

NIC (Newly-industrializing country)

Currently industrializing

Map Projections

Distort the size and shape of land masses

Reference Maps

Maps that show boundaries and geographic features

Thematic Maps

Maps that show Spatial Patterns

South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Europe

Population Clusters of the world (Four countries)

Population Density

How many people occupy a given unit of land

DTM (Demographic Transition Model)

Model that only considers Birth and death rates, not migration

ETM (Epidemiological Transition Model)

This model only considers disease and death rates

DTM and ETM

Both models not consider Poverty and migration

Cultural Relavitism

Evaluating culture by its own standards

Ethnocentrism

Evaluating another culture based on one’s own standards

Centripetal Force

Force that brings people/populations together

Centrifugal Force

Force that drives People/populations apart

Cultural Hearth

Where cultural traits spread from

Relocation or Contagious diffusion

Diffusion that RELIGIONS spread through

Relocation Diffusion

How traits spread through the relocation or migration of people

Expansion Diffusion

How traits spread past a cultural hearth without people moving/relocating

Contagious Diffusion

How traits are spread to nearby populations despite race or class

Hierarchical diffusion

How traits are spread from important individuals to common people (Think royalty)

Stimulus Diffusion

The idea behind a trait creates a new but related cultural trait

Acculturation

Small cultures adopt traits from bigger ones while maintaining their own

Assimilation

Completely adopting traits from another culture without keeping any elements of the old one

Syncretism

Blending of cultural traits

Multiculturalism

Coexistence of multiple cultures with no pressure to combine

Shatter belt

Politically and ethnically broken apart states between larger but more powerful states

Choke Points

Geographic passages that restrict transport from one region to another

Neocolonialism

Powerful countries attempting to take over weaker ones through economic or cultural pressure

Antecedent Boundary

Boundaries drawn before a territory become populated

Subsequent Boundary

Drawn after a territory has been populated, often reflects cultural landscapes

Consequent Boundary

Divides people of different ethnicities, languages, and religions

Superimposed Boundary

Drawn by outside forces with no consideration for the cultural landscapes

Geometric Boundary

Follow lines of latitude and longitude

Relic Boundary

No longer function as boundaries but their effects still remain

Gerrymandering

The process of redrawing voting districts to manipulating voting outcomes

10 years

Redistricting occurs every

Unitary Government

Central government holds the most power

Federal Government

Shares power with the central and regional government

Devolution

The transfer of power from the central government to regional government

Intensive Agriculture

Less land but more labor

Plantation Agriculture

In tropical climates and grows cash crops for export

Mixed crop and Livestock agriculture

Grows crops to feed livestock

Extensive Agriculture

More land but lower yields

Shifting cultivation

Clearing land for crops and allowing them to regrow

Second Agricultural Revolution

Led to population growth and urbanization

Green revolution

Increased food production through GMOs, Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.

Subsistence Agriculture

Provide for local community

Commercial Agriculture

Aims for profit

Von Thunen Model

Model that explains how land is used to agriculture, centering around cost of land and transportation

Urbanization

Cause of the creation of mega cities and meta cities

Mega city

10 million+ people

Metacity

20 million+ people

Primate city

Has over double the population of the second largest city, has a lot of control over a country

Gravity Model

Model explains how larger settlements attract more people and interactions

Central Place Theory

Theory that explains Spatial distribution of settlements based on size

Quinary Sector

Making decisions (Policitians)

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

Theory that the location of an industry is influenced by transportation, labor Costs and agglomeration

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

Measures Economic output of a country

GNP (Gross National Product)

Value of goods and services produced by a country’s citizens

GNI (Gross National Income)

Income generated by a country’s citizens and companies

GII (Gender Inequality Index)

Measures gender inequality

HDI (Human Development Index)

Determines human development

Lingua Franca

A common language adopted by people that who speak different native languages

Environmental Determinism

The belief that the environment and physical geography affect spatial distribution of human culture and societal development

Environmental Possibilism

The concept that physical geography and environment restricts human activity, but adaptation is possible

Maquiladora

Factory placed on the other side of the border so labor is cheapS

Small Scale Maps

Maps that cover large area in less detailA

Large Scale Map

Maps that cover small area with more detail

Arithmetic Density

Total number of people divided by the total land area

Physiological Density

Number of people per unit area of arable land

Agricultural Density

Total number of farmers divided by total area of farmlandN

Natural Increase Rate

Difference between the birth rate and death rate of a country

Total Fertility Rate

the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime

Dependency ratio

Number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to ones who can work

Doubling Time

How long it takes a country/population to double in population

Bottom heavy population pyramid

Early in the Demographic Transition Model

Top heavy population pyramid

Later in the Demographic Transition Model

Core country

Dominant countries that are typically more industrialized and urbanized, usually exploit smaller countries for labor and raw materials

Periphery Country

Less industrialized, dependent on dominant country and have underdeveloped industry

Footloose Industry

Businesses whose locations are not tied to resources, transportation, or consumer locationsEn