Body system organs

Epidermis

Integumentary system: Covers surface, protects deeper tissue, produces Vitamin D

Dermis

• Hair follicles

• Hairs

• Sebaceous glands

• Sweat glands (includes breast tissue)

• Nails

• Sensory receptors

Integumentary system: Feeds epidermis, provides strength + support for epidermis, contains several glands such as sweat glands and sebaceous glands

• Sensation from innervation

• Protection

• Lubricate hair shaft + epidermis

• Thermoregulation—evaporative cooling through sweat

• Stiffen + protect digits

• Detect sensations, pressure, temp, pain, pressure

Hypodermis

Integumentary system: Fat stores—attaches skin to deeper layers

Skeletal muscles

• Axial muscles (neck, back, chest, abdomen)

• Appendicular muscles (legs + arms)

Muscular system: Skeletal movement, controls entrance + exit (digestive, urinary, respiration), produce heat through shivering, support through skeleton, protects soft tissues

• Provide support + positioning of axial limbs

• Support + movement of limbs

Tendons + aponeuroses

Muscular system: Translates contractile movements into tasks (flexion + extension)

• T—fibrous rope like tissue tying muscle to bone

• A—sheet like, often muscle to muscle connection, also to bone

Bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments

• Axial skeleton (Skull, vertebrae sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilage, ligaments)

• Appendicular skeleton (limb bones, supporting cartilage, ligaments)

Skeletal system: Cartilage acts as bone interfaces, types include hyaline that stops bones from grinding (ribs + joints) and fibro (discs)

• Protect brain + spinal chord, sense organs, soft tissues of thorax, support body weight over weight of lower limbs

• Provides internal support + positioning of external limbs, support + enable muscle movement of axial skeleton

Bone

Bone marrow

• Red

• Yellow

Skeletal system: Stores minerals

• RBM—Produces RBC, flat bones like pelvis + sternum lose this with age

• YBM—stores fat cells, gained with aging, yellow to red after bleeding, found in medullary cavity long bone

Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Brain

• Spinal chord

• Special senses (also part of PNS except optic nerve)

Nervous system: Control centre, short term control over other systems

• Complex integrative activity, controlling voluntary and involuntary movement

• Relay info to brain to periphery, less integrative (reflex arc)

• Sensory input to brain: sight, taste, sound, smell, equilibrium

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Nervous system: Links CNS to sense organs + other systems

Pineal gland

Endocrine system: Day + night rhythms (melatonin)

Hypothalamus/pituitary gland

Nervous system: Control centre

Endocrine system: Controls other endocrine glands

• Regulate growth

• Fluid balance

Thyroid gland

Endocrine system: Metabolic rate (thyroxine)

Parathyroid gland

Endocrine system: Calcium levels

Thymus

Endocrine system: maturation of lymphocytes (WBC)

Lymphatic system: Control development + maintenance of T cell lymphocytes

Adrenal glands

Endocrine system: Water + mineral balance (e.g. aldesterone, tissue metabolism (e.g. cortisol), cardio + respiration fucntion (e.g. adrenaline)

Kidneys

Endocrine system (has major hormone producing cells): RBC production, increase blood pressure, calcium levels

Urinary system: form + concentrate urine, filter water from blood, regulate pH + ions, blood volume + pressure, endocrine function (RBC development)

EPO (Erythroprotein)

• Glycoprotein hormone produced by interstitial fibroblasts in kidney

• Promotes erythropoiesis (RBC production) in bone marrow

• Increased activity of Hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell) cause more RBC production

• Allows blood to have greater capacity for carrying oxygen

Pancreas

Endocrine system: Glucose control (insulin + glucagon)

Digestive system: Digestive enzymes, buffers, endocrine cells

Gonads

Endocrine system: Sexual characteristics + reproduction

Lymphatic vessels

• Lymphatic fluid

• T + B cells

Lymphatic system: Contractile vessels that carry lymphatic fluid (water + protein)and lymphocytes from peripheral tissue to veins of cardiovascular system

• Transport lipids (fat + fatty acids) from gut, maintain fluid from tissues

• Cells carrying out immune response

Lymph nodes including tonsils

Lymphatic system: monitors composition of lymph, defends by engulfing pathogens, stimulates immune responses (e.g. lymphadenopathy)

Spleen

Lymphatic system: Moniter circulation of blood cells, engulfs pathogens, recycles RBC, produce immune responses, like large lymph nodes

Heart

Cardiovascular system: Propels blood, maintains blood pressure

Blood vessels

• Arteries

• Capillaries

• Veins

Cardiovascular system: conduits

• Blood from heart to capillaries

• Diffusion between blood into interstitial fluid

• Blood from capillaries to heart

Blood

Cardiovascular system: Transports oxygen + carbon dioxide, transport nutrients and hormones, remove waste, temperature regulation, defence against illness (contains immune cells) acid base balance (HC03-)

Nasal cavity + paranasal sinuses

Respiratory system: Filter, warm, humid air + detect smell

Pharynx

Respiratory system: Conduct air to larynx

Digestive system: solid food + liquid to oesophagus, chamber shared with resp system

Larynx

Respiratory system: Protects opening to trachea, vocal chords

Trachea

Respiratory system: Conducts air, kept open by cartilage

Bronchi

Respiratory system: Conducts air between trachea and lungs

Lungs

Respiratory system: air movement, gas exchange of oxygen + carbon dioxide in alveoli, acid base balance (CO2 acid)

Diaphragm

Respiratory system: muscle for air movement

Oral cavity

Digestive system: breaks up food with teeth and tongue

Salivary glands

Digestive system: Buffer + lubricant, secrete enzymes that begin digestion

Oesophagus

Digestive system: Delivers food to stomach

Stomach

Digestive system: Secretes acid (hydrochloric acid), enzymes (pepsin), hormones (gastrin)

Small intestine

Digestive system: contains digestive enzymes, buffers + hormones, absorbs nutrients

Liver

Digestive system: Secretes bile, regulates nutrients in blood

Gallbladder

Digestive system: stores + concentrates bile

Large intestine

Digestive system: Water, waste storage + removal

Ureters

Urinary system: Conducts urine to bladder

Bladder

Urinary system: stores urine before excreted

Urethra

Urinary system: conducts urine to exterior

Male reproductive system: Sperm to exterior

Testes

Male reproductive system: Produces hormones, also in endocrine system

Endocrine system: produces androgen for male sexual development

Accessory organs

• Epididymus

• Ductus deferents

• Seminal glands

• Prostate gland

• Urethra

Male reproductive system:

• Sperm maturation

• Sperm from epididymus

• Seminal fluid

• Seminal fluid

• Sperm to exterior

External genitalia

• Penis

• Scrotum

Male reproductive system: Reproduction and thermal control of testes

Ovaries

Female reproductive system: Oocytes + hormones, also in endocrine system

Endocrine system: release + produce estrogen and progesterone regulating menstrual cycle and sexual development

Uterine tubes

Female reproductive system: delivery of oocytes, location of fertilisation

Uterus

Female reproductive system: Embryonic development

Vagina + external genitalia

Female reproductive system: lubrication, sperm reception, birth canal

Mammary glands

Female reproductive system: Nutrition for new-borns

Integumentary system: modified sweat gland