U.S. History EOC Exam Review

Compromise of 1850

Series of legislative measures addressing slavery and territories acquired from Mexico

Reservation System

Forced relocation of tribes to reserved, often undesirable land, with unkept government promises

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Legislation replacing the Missouri Compromise, allowing territories to decide on slavery

Migration

Movement of people due to push or pull factors like persecution, drought, or economic opportunities

Manifest Destiny

Belief that God sanctioned westward expansion in the U.S., justifying displacement of Native Americans

Homestead Act (1862)

Offered 160 acres of land at low cost to settlers who improved it for a specified period

Americanization Movement

Effort to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream American society

Dawes Act

Law aimed at 'civilizing' Native Americans by granting them land and U.S. citizenship

Boarding Schools

Institutions where Native American children were stripped of their culture and forced to adopt American ways

Dred Scott Case (1857)

Supreme Court ruling denying citizenship to African Americans and upholding slavery in territories

Abolitionist Movement

Advocacy for the moral wrongness and abolition of slavery

John Brown's Raid/Harper's Ferry

Failed attempt by a white abolitionist to instigate slave revolts in the South

Fugitive Slave Act (1850)

Law requiring free states to assist in returning runaway slaves to their owners

Sectionalism

Tension between North and South due to differing economic, social, and political interests

Advantages of North in Civil War

Includes larger population, industrialization, war supplies, natural resources, and naval power

Advantages of South in Civil War

Includes strong military tradition, defensive advantage, and knowledge of the terrain

Emancipation Proclamation

Decree by Abraham Lincoln freeing enslaved individuals in rebelling states

Anaconda Plan

Union strategy to blockade Southern ports, control the Mississippi River, and divide the South

Reconstruction

Era focused on rebuilding the South, granting rights to freedmen, and reintegrating Confederate states

Freedman's Bureau

Organization aiding former slaves with housing, jobs, and education during Reconstruction

13th Amendment

Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery, with exceptions for criminal punishment

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction for political or economic gain

Black Codes

Laws limiting the rights of freedmen in the South post-Civil War

Jim Crow Laws

Segregation laws enforcing racial separation in public facilities

Sharecropping

A system where farmers rent land and tools in exchange for a share of the crop

Industrialization

Utilization of factories, machinery, and labor for mass production

Capitalism

Economic system where means of production are privately owned

Innovations of the Second Industrial Revolution

New ideas and inventions like the telegraph, telephone, and elevator

Horizontal Integration

One owner controls all companies at one stage of production.

Captains of Industry

Wealthy businesspeople who share fortunes through public amenities.

Labor Unions

Worker organizations advocating for better conditions, wages, and hours.

American Federation of Labor

Union led by Samuel Gompers for skilled workers.

Haymarket Riot

1886 protest leading to arrests and public association of labor with radicals.

Pullman Strike

1894 strike over lowered wages and high company town prices.

Government Regulations

Rules controlling businesses.

Interstate Commerce Act

Congress regulation of interstate business with enforcement agency.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Law making monopolies illegal, challenging enforcement.

Urban Centers

Cities' growth due to industrialization, causing social issues.

Trusts

Business organizations limiting competition.

Monopolies

One company's complete control over a product or service.

Henry Flagler

Aided Rockefeller in Standard Oil, influential in East Coast railroad.

Florida East Coast Railroad

Transported goods and tourists from Jacksonville to Key West.

Immigration

Movement from one country to another for various reasons.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Banned most Chinese immigrants, first U.S. immigration restriction.

Gentleman's Agreement

Limited immigration from Japan.

Political Machines

Corrupt city governments offering favors in exchange for support.

Ward Boss

Secured votes for machine bosses in elections.

Homestead Act

Law granting land to farmers.

Farmers' Alliance

Group aiding farmers post-Civil War, evolving into Populist Party.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Provided land grants for colleges specializing in agriculture.

Cross of Gold

William Jennings Bryan's speech advocating bimetallism.

Progressive Movement

Era aiming to resolve industrialization's economic and political issues.

Child Labor

1.7 million children working across various industries by 1900.

Conservation

Preserving land for environmental protection.

Gifford Pinchot

First head of the US Parks Service.

Jane Addams/Settlement Houses

Provided aid to immigrants and urban poor.

Alice Paul

Advocate for women's suffrage, led hunger strikes.

National Women's Suffrage Association

Worked to secure women's voting rights.

Muckrakers

Exposed industrial society corruption.

Ida B. Wells

Anti-lynching and suffrage activist.

Upton Sinclair

Author of 'The Jungle' exposing meatpacking conditions.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Prohibited food quality alteration and toxic preservatives.

Jacob Riis

Documented urban poverty in 'How the Other Half Lives'.

Imperialism

Control of less industrialized nations for economic, political, and social reasons.

Expansionism

Belief in spreading US influence globally.

Social Darwinism

Justification for spreading American ideas and democracy.

Alfred T. Mahan

Advocate for naval power and colonies.

Great White Fleet

16 battleships showcasing US naval strength.

Treaty of Portsmouth

Peace agreement between Japan and Russia mediated by T. Roosevelt.

Philippines

Former Spanish colony annexed by the US.

Annexation of Hawaii

US takeover after overthrowing Queen Liliuokalani.

Open Door Policy

John Hay's call for free trade in China.

Big Stick Policy

T. Roosevelt's intervention to prevent European influence in the Americas.

Panama Canal

Connects Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for economic and military benefits.

Yellow Fever

Disease in Panama controlled for canal construction.

Jose Marti

Cuban revolutionary advocating for independence.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized news contributing to the Spanish-American War.

U.S.S. Maine

Naval ship explosion in Havana leading to SP-AM War.

DeLome Letter

Letter from a Spanish Ambassador criticizing President McKinley, leaked to the press.

Platt Amendment

Allowed U.S. interference in Cuban affairs, restricting Cuban sovereignty.

Entangling Alliances

Pre-WWI alliances: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) vs. Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia).

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German policy attacking Allied ships in British waters during WWI.

Homefront

Civilian activities in a nation at war.

War Industries Board

Coordinated wartime manufacturing efforts.

CPI

Federal agency producing U.S. propaganda during WWI.

Rationing

Voluntary food conservation during WWI.

War bonds

Government bonds sold to the public to fund war efforts.

Selective Service Act

Required military service during WWI.

Espionage Act

Allowed government censorship and penalties for draft interference.

Hispanics in WWI

Mexican laborers crossed the border; Puerto Ricans gained citizenship.

African Americans in WWI

Served in segregated units, contributing to the Great Migration.

Women in WWI

Contributed to war efforts, suffrage, and worked as nurses.

German Americans in WWI

Faced prejudice and discrimination during the war.

Propaganda

One-sided information to influence public opinion.

Convoys

Naval ships escorting merchant ships for protection.

Trench Warfare

Military strategy involving trenches, barbed wire, and land mines.

Eugene Debs

Opposed U.S. involvement in WWI, convicted under the Espionage Act.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's post-WWI peace plan advocating self-determination and League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty ending WWI, imposing harsh penalties on Germany.

Big Four

WWI victors: U.S., Great Britain, France, Italy.