Bio 103 gmu final flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes for exam preparation.

What two processes does the central dogma of molecular biology include?

Replication - translation- transcription

What are the top 4 elements essential for human life?

Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen

What is the function of micronutrients?

Micronutrients play fundamental roles and are needed in the body to function properly.

What is the role of minerals as micronutrients?

Minerals act as cofactors

What is the role of vitamins as micronutrients?

Vitamins act as coenzymes

What is the primary structure of a protein?

The sequence of amino acids

What is the covalent bond?

Strongest bond, shown by a straight line, shares electrons; Can be polar or nonpolar

What is a hydrogen bond?

A weak bond that happens between adjacent molecules and are not considered to be chemical bonds.

Why does ice float?

Ice is less dense than liquid water due to hydrogen bonds.

What is a monomer?

Single, small molecules that serve as building blocks for polymers

What is a polymer?

Large molecules made up of monomers and are formed by covalent bonds

What is the function of a carbohydrate?

Gives energy when cells break down glucose (cellular respiration) & covalent bonds

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

What is the composition of a disaccharide?

2 monosaccharide bond through dehydration synthesis

What are polysaccharides used for?

Energy storage/ structural support

List the different types of Lipids.

Fats, phospholipids, and sterols

True or false: All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA.

True

What happens during protein denaturation?

The process where a protein loses its 3 dimensional structure causing it to lose function.

What does LUCA stand for?

Last Universal Common Ancestor

What do eukaryotic cells have that bacteria cells don't?

Organelles

What is peptidoglycan used?

Structural components of the bacterial cell wall, Provides strength & rigidity, preventing the cell from bursting due to osmosis, Used for antibiotics, Give protection to bacterial cell which helps it resist osmosis pressure

What is the function of ribosomes?

The molecular machines that make proteins by translating mRNA into amino acid chains

What is the function of Transport proteins?

Help molecules move across the cell membrane

What do chromosomes contain?

The genetic materials genes made of DNA

Where does the endomembrane system transports proteins?

To the surface of the cell

What is the function of lysosomes?

Contain digestive enzymes

Land plants have cell _ that serve in communication between cells.

Plasmodesmata

What is the role of Osmosis?

Osmosis is crucial for maintaining cell hydration & homeostasis

What is aquaporin?

A protein pore in the membrane that allows water to diffuse across

What are the three ways molecules cross the cell membrane?

Passive, Active, and Endocytosis

Where does transcription happen?

In the nucleus

Where does translation happen?

In the cytoplasm at ribosomes

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

Adds stability & fluidity

What is diffusion?

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration due to random molecular motion

What is facilitated diffusion?

Requires transport proteins, Occurs down the concertation gradient & doesn't need ATP(energy)

What is equilibrium?

When the concentration of a substance in equal on both sides of the membrane and No net movement in one direction

What is osmosis?

A passive transport that involves water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

How does Penicillin kill bacterial cells?

By targeting the synthesis of peptidoglycan which is crucial components of the bacteria cell wall

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria & chloroplasts likely evolved from free- living bacteria that was engulfed by eukaryotic cells

What is the function of catabolic reactions?

Break down larger structures into smaller ones

What is the function of anabolic reactions?

Build new structure from smaller ones

What is an exergonic reaction?

Gives off energy

What is an endergonic reaction?

Requires energy

What do nucleic acids store?

Information

What is the function of ATP?

Energy

What are macronutrients?

Nutrients required by the body in large amounts and include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that Provide energy and are essential for growth, repair, and overall function and come from food and has to be broken down to be used

What is the function of micronutrients?

Required in smaller amounts and include vitamins and minerals, which support biochemical physiological processes

What kind of reactions are catabolic reactions?

Exergonic

What kind of reactions are anabolic reactions?

Endergonic

What are enzymes?

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

What determines how well an enzyme binds to its substrate?

Shape

What does energy of activation represent?

The energy needed to break existing bonds and initiate the formation of new ones

What reaction describes the breakdown of ATP to ADP?

Exergonic

What is ATP hydrolysis?

ATP is broken down into ADP and an inorganic phosphate releasing energy

What is ATP synthesis?

ADP and P are recombined using energy from cellular respiration to regenerate ATP

What is an essential mineral?

A mineral that the body need to function properly but cannot produce on its own, so it must be obtained through the diet

Where does the 'photo' part of photosynthesis occur?

In the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts

Where does the 'synthesis' part of photosynthesis occur?

In the stroma of the chloroplasts

True or false: Mitochondria don’t make energy.

True

Photosynthesis makes only enough ATP to run _.

Photosynthesis

What 3 stages does cellular respiration occur in?

Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Where did fossil fuels come from?

Ancient plant and animal matter that was buried and subjected to high pressure and temperature over millions of years

What are the characteristics of kinetic energy?

Energy in motion

What are the characteristics of potential energy?

Stored energy due to an object's position or state

What are the characteristics of chemical energy?

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds

What is thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be destroyed only transformed from one form to another and Total entropy of an isolated system tends to increase over time

List the 3 types of cellular work.

Mechanical, Transport, and Chemical work

What are the inputs of photosynthesis?

Light energy, water, and carbon dioxide

What are the outputs of photosynthesis?

Glucose and Oxygen

Where does photosynthesis take place?

In the chloroplasts of plant cells, Specifically it occurs in the thylakoid membrane and in the stroma

What is is the carbon source for sugar in photosynthesis?

Carbon Dioxide

Where does the oxygen released in photosynthesis come from?

The splitting of water molecules during the light-dependent reactions

What is the input for the “photo” light reactions?

Light energy, water, NADP+, Pi

What is the output for the “photo” light reactions?

Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

What is the input for the “synthesis” light reactions?

Carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH

What is the output for the “synthesis” light reactions?

Glucose, ADP and Pi, and NADP+

Where does glucose breakdown occur?

During cellular respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria

What is glycogen?

Excess glucose can be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. This storage form is used when the body need an immediate source of energy, such as between meals or during physical activity.

What is an autotroph?

Produce their own food

What is a heterotroph?

Cannot produce its own food

What the function of chlorophyll?

Absorbing light energy primarily in the blue and red wavelengths of light and converting it into chemical energy to produce glucose

What happens in the light reaction of photosynthesis?

Electrons flow through the electron transport chain located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts

What transport is used to make ATP in the light reactions?

Passive transport

Which does the Calvin Cycle contribute to, the formation of sugar in plants, or the formation of proteins?

Formation of sugar in plants

The Calvin cycle is which process?

Carbon fixation.

What is carbon fixation?

The process by which carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is incorporated into an organic molecule

What are the two molecules used by cellular respiration’s processes to store energy.

ATP and glucose

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Mitochondria matrix

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

What are NADH & FADH2?

Electron carriers

When do the electrons come from in the NAD+/NADH & FAD/FADH2?

The electron carriers NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2 play a role in cellular respiration by shuttling high energy electrons from broken covalent bonds in organic molecules to the electron transport chain.

What process produces high energy C-C bonds in sugar molecules?

Photosynthesis

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

Stroma of the chloroplast

What stage is the ultimate source of energy from?

Sunlight

What does ATP synthase allow H+ to diffuse?

There is a proton gradient (high H+ in the intermembrane space, low H+ in the matrix), the ETC is actively pumping H+ into the intermembrane space, and there is no disruption from uncoupling proteins or inhibitors

Oxygen is known as what, in cellular respiration?

Final electron acceptor

What does oxygen combined to?

Electrons and H+ ions to produce H2O

What is the main function of the electron transport chain (ETC)}?

Without oxygen electrons would back up stopping ATP production

If there's no O2 what happens?

ETC stops, No NAD+/FAD regeneration, and Fermentation occurs