AP Psych: Important People

Alfred Adler

We form inferiorities in childhood that we try to resolve as adults

Mary Ainsworth

Attachment, secure/insecure, strange situation(left toddlers in a room to see how they would react)

Solomon Asch

Conformity, the line study

Albert Bandura

Observational learning, modeling, social learning theory, bobo doll

Diana Baumrind

Parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive

Aaron Beck

Cognitive therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy

Alfred Binet

IQ test, Stanford-Binet

Paul Broca

Discovered Broca’s area

Mary Whiton Calkins

First female president of APA

Noam Chomsky

Language acquisition: develop language skills through biologically set stages

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae

Trait theory, Big 5

Charles Darwin

Evolution, natural selection

Dorothea Dix

Changed mental health institutions into places that people could be healed and not hidden

Herman Ebbinghaus

Forgetting curve, nonsense syllables experiment

Albert Ellis

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy: identify Activating event, Belief that follows, and Consequences of that belief

Erik Erikson

Psychosocial Stages of Development, identity vs role confusion, etc

Gustav Fechner

Difference threshold

Leon Festinger

Cognitive dissonance: justify actions that don’t match beliefs

Sigmund Freud

Id/ego/superego, psychosexual stages, defense mechanisms. Fixation, repression, dreams are wish fufillment

John Garcia

Taste aversion, tested on rats

Howard Gardner

Multiple intelligences: 8 forms of intelligence

Michael Gazzaniga and Roger Sperry

Split corpus callosum surgery to stop seizures from epilepsy from spreading to the other half of the brain

Carol Gilligan

Included women when studying morals

G. Stanley Hall

first president of APA

Harry Harlow

studied attachment using monkeys

William James

James-Lange: physical stimulus causes the emotional response. first psych textbook

Mary Cover Jones and Joseph Wolpe

systematic desensitization

Carl Jung

collective unconscious, electra complex (girl in love with dad)

Alfred Kinsey

spectrum of sexuality

Lawrence Kohlberg

morals stages: preconventional, conventional, post conventional

Wolfgang Kohler

insight: sudden realization of a solution

Elizabeth Loftus

false memories, confabulation

Konrad Lorenz

Imprinting: maternal bond with someone that is around during birth

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs, self-actualization

Stanley Milgram

obedience experiment of being told to shock people

George Miller

7± 2 things in short term memory

Ivan Pavlov

classical conditioning, generalization/discrimination, spontaneous recovery, extinction

Jean Piaget

Accommodation/assimilation, developmental stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Carl Rogers

helped Maslow with humanistic: unconditional positive regard, client-centered therapy, active listening

Stanley Schachter

Two-Factor Theory: stimulus causes cognitive appraisal of situation and emotion

Hans Selye

General Adaption Syndrome: body’s response to consistent stress

BF Skinner

Operant conditioning: consequences of behavior determine repetition or not

Charles Spearman

General intelligence: if you are good at one thing, you’re good at all

Robert Sternberg

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence: analytical, creative, practical. Triarchic Theory of Love: intimacy, passion, commitment

Edward Thorndike

Law of Effect: reinforcement is more potent when it results in a satisfying effect.

Edward Tolman

experiment with rats in a maze (no rewards) proved cognitive maps, latent learning

John Watson

Classical Conditioning, Little Albert, stimulus generalization/discrimination

Ernst Weber

Weber’s Law: difference needed to cross difference threshold is proportionate to size on initial stimulus.

David Wechsler

developed most prominent IQ test

Carl Wernicke

discovered Wernicke’s area

Wilhelm Wundt

father of modern psychology

Philip Zimbardo

power of situation, Stanford Prison Experiment