Week 5: Inc Fitness & Phylogeny, Evolution of Learning

lifetime cost and benefit

parental investment per offspring should depend of the _________ ______ ____ _______ to the parent

conflict

offspring may seek more than parents should provide which leads to ______

genetic

we tend to focus on individuals, but analyses at the ______ level may explain some important phenomena

common ancestors

all living species are the product of descent (with modifications) from _______ _______

phylogenetic tree of life

The __________ _____ __ _____ is made of bacteria, archea, eucarya

• phylogenetic information

• uses of __________ ________ in animal behaviour

  • species are not independent units

  • understanding the evolution of certain behaviours, their timing and number of independent origins

planing in substrate, improving growth, harvest, nutritional dependence 

What four things define agriculture? 

50 million

Agriculture evolved in insects __ _______ years ago

10 thousand

Agriculture evolved in humans __ _______ years ago

fungi

insect agriculture involves growing _____ on gardening substrate (eg. plant) and protecting their crop from undesired species and even use pesticides commonly

leaf cutting ants

Which kind of ant was discussed in lecture as a famous farmer?

climate-controlled chambers

ants plant specific fungal species, in _______-______ _________, remove undesirable species or spread antibiotics to suppress them (=weeding and pest control)

3

How many origins of fungi farming in ants?

2

How many origins of fungi farming in termites?

7

How many farming evolutions in beetles?

2

How many fungal crop origins in beetles?

9

_ independent origins of insect agriculture, all involving fungal crop

No

Do insects reverse back to no agriculture after a common ancestor that does agriculture? 

giant asteroid hit earth

What event happened 66 million years ago to cause evolution?

insect agriculture

Asteroid hit earth, caused global mass extinctions and shut down photosynthesis for several months which is hypothesized to have started _______ _______

learning 

the ability to to acquire a neuronal representation of new information

behaviour

An individual may use learned information to determine subsequent _______

nervous system

even organisms with no ________ ________ modify their behaviour based on experience

reproduction

chemotaxis is essential for ___________

chemical movement

What is chemotaxis?

no

Is chemotaxis learning?

simultaneous comparison

________ __________ in bacteria is impossible because the chemical gradient across the body is too small

binocular disparity

the human brain infers direction of sound and vision

detection

Step 1 in chemotaxis?

conduction

Step 2 in chemotaxis?

processing

Step 3 in chemotaxis?

transmission

Step 4 in chemotaxis?

response 

Step 5 in chemotaxis?

biomimicry

copying successful mechanisms of animal behaviour into new gadget

phototaxis

Movement toward light?

Geotaxis 

Movement by gravity?

instinct

a behavioural pattern that appears in fully functional form from the first time it is performed

Fly courtship and nest building in birds

What are two examples of an innate behaviours? 

Innate behavior

What is a fixed action pattern?

Rapid response

What is the advantage of innate behavior?

Village weaverbird

What bird builds species-specific nests?

Forked branch

What does the male weaverbird choose?

Roof and nest cup

What does the male weaverbird weave first?

Entrance tube

What does the male weaverbird weave last?

Shape and location

What triggers egg rolling?

foolproof recognition

There was no natural selection on egg discrimination in geese, which causes _______ ________

unknown predator

In the damselflies and pike predator experiment the question was: can damselfly larvae show anti-predatory behaviour to an ______ ________? would they benefit from such availability?