Year 8 science revision- HUMAN ANATOMY

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light microscope

Microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object

Image

Magnified specimen

Monocular microscope

A light microscope that has only one ocular lens

Binocular microscope

a light microscope that has two ocular lenses

stereo microscope

A binocular microscope that creates a three-dimensional image

Field of view on a microscope

The area visible through the microscope eyepiece

Total magnification

Ocular lens multiplied by objective lens

Magnification definition

How much bigger the image is than the specimen

Max light microscope magnification

1000x

Microscope measurement units

Micrometres

Electron microscope

microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen

Building blocks of life

Cells

Animacules

Latin for little animals, known as microorganisms today

Cell theory 1

All living things are composed of one or more cells

Cell theory 2

Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things

Cell theory 3

All cells are produced from pre-existing cells

Respiratory system

A system that executes the processes of chemical changes that take place in cells to release energy, using glucose and oxygen to produce and release energy

Respiration

Inhalation and exhalation of air.

Cilia

A hairlike structure in the nasal passage that prevents smaller bacteria and irritants from entering the respiratory system

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

Larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

Pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Trachea

The windpipe; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system.

Lungs

two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

Bronchus

one of the two tubes that connect the lungs with the trachea

Bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Diaphram

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

Veins

carry blood back to the heart

Caplillaries

small vessels that take nutrients and oxygen from the arteries to the cells and waste from the cells to the veins

Red blood cells

Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.

White blood cells

Blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms

Liver

produces bile

Oesophagus

Muscular tube which moves ingested food to the stomach

Gall bladder

An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine

Stomach

A muscular and elastic sac that serves mainly to store food, break it up mechanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat.

Pancreas

Produces pancreatic acids that releases it to the stomach as needed

Small intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place, the longer thinner intestine

Large intestine

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body, the shorter thicker intestine

Anus

Where feces produced in the large intestine is expelled from

Mechanical digestion

Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces

Chemical digestion

Process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use

asexual reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Ovaries

Glands that produce and store the egg cells and hormones

Fallopian tubes

tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs

Uterus

Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.

Uterus lining

Mucus lining inside of the uterus, is shredded during menstruation in the form of blood

Cervix

The opening to the uterus

Vagina

A muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body

Urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Bladder

stores urine

Seminal vesicles

two small glands that secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes and helps sperm move

Prostate gland

A gland in males that contributes to the seminal fluid.

vas deferens

tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

Epididymis

A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature.

testicles (testes)

make sperm and hormones

Penis

Male reproductive organ where semen and urine is expelled from

Semen

A thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen, pigments blood red

Plasma

Fluid portion of blood

Platelets

The part of blood which clots and stops wounds from bleeding

Circulation

The transport of vital materials in living organisms

Circulatory system

The process of circulation

Peristalsis

The process of the oesophagus contracting and expanding for the bolus to travel down

Bolus

Food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

!!independent variable EXAMPLE!!

the liquid used to water each plant

!!dependent variable EXAMPLE!!

Growth of plant

!!control group EXAMPLE!!

Plant not being watered

Organelle

A small “organ” of a cell that has a specific job or function

Multicellular organism

An organism composed of more than one cell; a mushroom, a tree, a capybara

Unicellular organism

An organism composed on only one cell; salmonella, amoeba

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