111 unit 1

erect

patient is upright, either standing or sitting

recumbent

patient is laying down

supine

patient is laying on their back, facing upwards

prone

patient is laying on their abdomen, face down

decubitus

patient is laying down with CR horizontal

ex: left lateral decubitus

ventral decubitus

patient is laying prone and with horizontal CR

dorsal decubitus

patient is laying supine and horizontal CR

trendelenburg position

patient head is lower than feet

fowler’s position

patient’s head is higher than their feet

position

describes how the patient’s body is situated

ex: supine, prone, recumbent, etc

projection

describes the direction the CR travels through the body

ex: PA, lateral, oblique, etc

AP oblique projection

CR enters anterior surface and exits posterior while body is angled

PA oblique projection

CR enters posterior surface and exits anterior while body is angled

axial projection

CR is angled, often more than 10 degrees

AP axial projection

AP projection with CR angled relative to IR

PA axial projection

PA projection with CR angled to IR

AP axial oblique position

patient is positioned AP oblique with CR also angled

PA axial oblique position

patient is positioned PA oblique with CR also angled

oblique position

the body is angled to the x-ray beam

named for side closest to the IR

RAO position

right anterior oblique

right anterior side is closest to IR

LAO position

left anterior oblique

left anterior side is closest to IR

RPO position

right posterior oblique

right posterior side is closest to IR

LPO position

left posterior oblique

left posterior side is closest to IR

right lateral decubitus position

patient is laying on their right side with horizontal CR

left lateral decubitus position

patient is laying on their left side with horizontal CR

dorsal decubitus position

patient is laying supine with horizontal CR

ventral decubitus position

patient is laying prone with horizontal CR

tangential projection

CR passes along a curved/angled surface

CR “skims” the surface

transthoracic projection

CR passes through thorax/chest to see structure on the other side

ex: can be used to image humerus when a patient cannot move their arm

axillary projection

CR is directed through the axilla (armpit) and projected upwards through shoulder joint

axiolateral projection

CR travels through the long axis of the body part and exits lateral side

ex: cross-table lateral hip

axiolateral oblique projection

combines a lateral side, an axial beam, and a rotated body part

ex: can image mandible using this

superiorinferior projection

CR travels superiorly to inferiorly

inferosuperior projection

CR travels inferiorly to superiorly

dorsoplantar projection

CR enters the top of the foot (dorsum) and exits plantar side

plantodorsal projection

CR enters plantar side of foot and exits dorsum

ex: used to isolate the calcaneus

lateromedial projection

CR enters lateral side and exits medial side

ex: ankle, knee

mediolateral projection

CR enters medial side and exits lateral side

ex: knee, ankles

abduction

movement away from body’s midline

adduction

movement towards body midline

flexion

decreasing angle between two bones at a joint

extension

increasing angle between two bones at a joint

dorsiflexion

bending the foot upwards

plantar flexion

bending the foot downwards

inversion

turning sole of foot medially

eversion

turning sole of foot laterally

supination

palm facing up

pronation

palm facing down

radial deviation

moving hand towards radius/thumb side (laterally)

ulnar deviation

moving hand towards ulnar side

internal/medial rotation

rotating body part towards midline

external/lateral rotation

rotation of body part away from midline

circumduction

circular movement

protraction

movement of body part anteriorly

ex: scapula moving forward

retraction

movement of body part posteriorly

ex: rolling shoulders back

rotation

turning a body part around longitudinal axis