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Physical
cellulose cell walls.
lignin layer to thicken cell wall.
waxy cuticles
Chemical defences
menthols: have essential oils which contain antibacterial properties.
Alkaloids: have a bitter taste (caffeine/morphine) which prevent herbivores feeding on them.
Prevention of spreading
closing of stomata to prevent entry to leaves.
Callose deposits between cell wall and cell membrane near infection site. (strengthens cell
Necrosis
when cells near the infection site are killed using intracellular enzymes.