Ama

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that are capable of living inside the body and causing harm are called

Pathogens

Which lymphatic vessel collects lymph from the lower half of the body and the left upper half of the body and returns it to venous circulation?

thoracic duct

Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?

B Cells

Large lymphoid nodules found on the walls of the pharynx are the

tonsils

The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body, which consists of red and white pulp and is found attached to the lateral border of the stomach, is the

spleen

Which innate defense involves cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris?

phagocytes

Which cells are involved in immunological surveillance?

natural killer cells

Which of the following is a localized tissue response to injury characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain?

inflammation

Which of the following is NOT an effect of complement activation?

release of pyrogens to cause a fever

A child is given a vaccine to polio. What form of immunity does this represent?

artificially induced active immunity

What property of adaptive immunity allows a person to have the chickenpox when he or she is six years old and still be immune to chickenpox at age 45?

memory

What type of cell surface protein is found only on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes and allows them to communicate with each other?

MHC II

What type of T cell is responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells?

cytotoxic T cell

What is the name for the type of B cell that synthesizes and secretes large quantities of antibodies?

plasma cell

Which antibody is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen and is a pentamer (made of five antibody molecules)?

IgM

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary response to antigen exposure?

does not peak until one to two weeks after antigen exposure

What type of immune disorder is characterized by autoantibodies that attack body cells and tissues?

autoimmune disorder

AIDS is an example of

an immunodeficiency

Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the immune system?

B cells are more receptive to antigens.

The CNS can affect the lymphatic system by

-producing cytokines

-decreasing immune function in times of emotional distress

-innervating dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues and organs

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

transporting oxygen to the tissues

Which type of epithelial tissue is NOT seen in the respiratory mucosa?

transitional epithelium

Which of the following structures form(s) the floor of the nasal cavity?

hard palate

Which part of the pharynx is the most superior?

nasopharynx

What is the name of the large, shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx?

thyroid cartilage

Which part of the larynx is involved in the production of sound?

vocal folds

The tracheal cartilages are

C shaped

The left lung has lobe(s), whereas the right lung has lobes.

two; three

The bronchioles have walls dominated by

smooth muscle

Which of the following cell types are responsible for phagocytosis of particles or pathogens that reach the alveoli?

alveolar macrophages

What is specific term for the processes involved in breathing?

pulmonary ventilation

According to Boyle's law, if the volume of a sealed container of gases __, then the pressure in that container __.

decreases; increases

When the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the lungs __.

increases

Which gas has the highest partial pressure in the air we breathe?

nitrogen

How is oxygen most often carried in the blood?

bound to heme in hemoglobin

Carbon dioxide is most often transported __.

as molecules of carbonic acid that dissociate to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

The Hering-Breuer reflexes include which of the following?

inflation reflexes

Which of the following is found in the medulla oblongata and functions in forced breathing?

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

What homeostatic imbalance is normal to a certain extent in individuals over 50 but is greatly enhanced by cigarette smoke and other irritants?

emphysema

A person living at a high altitude would see all of the following changes EXCEPT __.

decreased respiratory rate

The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium is __.

digestion

Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation?

The muscularis externa contains muscle layers responsible for the processes of peristalsis and segmentation.

In the oral cavity, the digestive enzyme is found in saliva and begins the digestion of .

amylase;starch

Which oral structure(s) is (are) responsible for manipulating food to assist in chewing and in the production of the enzyme lipase?

Tongue

Which type of tooth is responsible for clipping and cutting?

incisor

Which regions of the pharynx serve as passageways for food on its way to the esophagus?

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Which of the following is the term for swallowing?

deglutition

The lowest portion of the stomach, which forms the sharp curve of the J shape of the stomach, is the __.

pylorus

Which of the following phases of gastric activity is caused by the sight, taste, or thought of food?

cephalic phase

Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult?

rennin

Which of the following is NOT a region of the small intestine?

Cecum

The numerous transverse folds in the small intestine that serve to increase the surface area for absorption are the __.

plicae circulares

What is the function of bile?

To emulsify lipids.

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that digest __.

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

A small, slender structure that is attached to the large intestine and is dominated by lymphoid nodules is the __.

appendix

The reflex that occurs in the large intestine and promotes the movement of feces toward the anus is the __.

defecation reflex

Which of the following are NOT absorbed in the large intestine?

All of the listed substances are absorbed by the large intestine.

Which of the following does NOT digest a carbohydrate?

pancreatic lipase

Which of the following does NOT digest a protein?

nuclease

Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the digestive system?

stronger peristaltic contractions, resulting in diarrhea