Special Education Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards generated from the special education vocabulary lecture notes covering key terms, court cases, principles of IDEA, and disability definitions.

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

A disorder of voluntary motor functions resulting from a lesion to the brain or abnormality of brain growth.

"Big Ideas" in special education (Big Ideas)

Teamwork, Effective practices, Adult success, Characteristics, Historical context.

Exceptional Children

Differ from the norm (either below or above) to such an extent that they require an individualized program of special education.

Impairment

Reduced functioning of or loss of a particular body part or organ.

Disability

When an impairment limits the ability to perform certain tasks.

At-Risk

A greater-than-usual chance of developing a disability if an intervention is not provided.

Percentage of School-Aged Children Receiving Special Education Services

Approximately $14\%$.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 (Brown v. Board of Ed.)

Supreme court ruled that education must be available to all children on equal terms. Separate is not equal.

Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1972 (PARC v. Pennsylvania)

Court ruled that children were entitled to receive free public education; parents had the right to be notified before any change in educational program or placement. Equal protection.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA)

Law regarding the education of children with disabilities. Reauthorization of PL 94-142.

Six Principles of IDEA

Zero reject, nondiscriminatory identification and evaluation, free appropriate public education, least restrictive environment, due process safeguards, and shared decision making.

FAPE

All children must receive a free, appropriate public education at public expense. Principle of IDEA.

Zero Reject

Schools must educate all children with disabilities regardless of the nature or severity of the disability. Principle of IDEA.

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

Children with disabilities must be educated with their peers without disabilities to the maximum extent appropriate. Principle of IDEA.

Due Process

Schools must protect the rights of students with disabilities. Principle of IDEA.

Nondiscriminatory Identification and Evaluation

Non-biased, multi-factored methods of evaluation to determine whether a child has a disability and if so, whether special education is needed. Principle of IDEA.

Preventive Special Education

Special education that intervenes to keep potential minor problems from becoming a disability.

Remedial Special Education

Special education that attempts to eliminate the effects of a disability through instruction.

Compensatory Special Education

Special education that teaches the use of skills or devices to enable successful functioning in spite of the disability.

Manifestation Determination

Determining if a behavior problem is the result of a disability.

Related Services

Special transportation; counseling; or speech, physical, or occupational therapy required to meet a student's IEP goals.

Assistive Technology

Devices such as visual aids, augmentative and alternative communication, special equipment, or computers.

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

A written legal document that specifies a student's goals, services, and learning environment(s).

Present Levels of Performance (PLOP)

Component of the IEP that tells how a student is currently performing.

Transition Component

Portion of a student's IEP that focuses on secondary curriculum and planning related to postsecondary success.

Annual Goals

Component of the IEP that indicates what a student will accomplish in one year.

Objectives and Benchmarks

Component of the IEP that lists the steps toward reaching an annual goal.

Reinforcement

Future occurrence of the behavior increases.

Punishment

Future occurrence of the behavior decreases.

Early Intervention

A wide variety of educational and family services that support early childhood development.

Individualized Family Services Plan (IFSP)

A document focused on early intervention services for the family and young child who is at risk for or has a disability. Part of IDEA.

Intellectual Disability

Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with limitations in adaptive behavior.

Adaptive Behavior

The effectiveness or degree to which individuals meet the standards expected of their age and social group.

Causes of Intellectual Disabilities

Chromosomal disorders, syndrome disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, environmental influences, infections, head injuries, malnutrition, and unknown reasons.

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

A systematic approach to teaching based on scientifically demonstrated principles that describe how the environment affects learning.

Task Analysis

Breaking down a complex task into its component parts.

Three-term Contingency

Antecedent + Behavior + Consequence

Active Student Response (ASR)

An observable student response made to an instructional antecedent.

Learning Trial

An instructional antecedent + student response + teacher feedback.

Generalization & Maintenance

The extent to which students apply what they learn across settings and over time.

Learning Disability (LD)

A significant discrepancy between general ability and achievement that requires special education services.

Dyslexia

The inability to accurately and fluently decode written text, despite evidence-based reading instruction.

Norm-Referenced Test

Standardized test that compares a student's scores to other children of the same age who have taken the same test.

Criterion-Referenced Tests

A test that measures achievement according to a predetermined standard.

Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM)

The frequent assessment of a student's progress; characterized by timed probes and visual display of data; also called progress monitoring.

Explicit Instruction

Carefully planned, clear, and direct teaching with systematic feedback.

Emotional / Behavioral Disorder (EBD)

Behavioral or emotional responses so different from appropriate age or cultural norms that they adversely affect educational performance.

Communication Disorder

A problem with the transmission or reception of speech, language, and/or communication.

Deaf

The inability to use hearing to understand speech.

Hard of Hearing

A significant loss of hearing that makes some special adaptations necessary.

Blind

A person whose corrected visual acuity is $20/200$ or less in best eye.

Visual Impairment

Vision deficits that even with correction, adversely affect a child's educational performance.

Muscular Dystrophy (MD)

Progressive atrophy of the body's muscles; a group of inherited disorders.

Spina Bifida

A term for a congenital defect in the vertebrae that enclose the spinal cord.

Epilepsy

A condition marked by chronic and repeated seizures and disturbances of movement, sensation, behavior, and/or consciousness caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A developmental disability marked by impaired social interaction; impaired communication; and/or restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior.

Daily Living Skills

Adaptive behaviors, such as dressing, brushing teeth, and doing laundry.

Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)

Systematic process of gathering information about the functions a problem behavior serves for an individual.

Gifted & Talented

Demonstrating a high level of performance of academic skills, artistic achievement, or leadership qualities; necessitates the need for individualized services.

Transition Services

Results-oriented process designed to facilitate a child's movement from school to post-school activities.