Social 30-1 Ch 5, Social Studies 30 -1 Ch 7

Totalitarianism

Powerful, central government exercises complete and total control over all aspects of a citizen's life and does not allow political opposition

Reactionary

Supporting a return to a previous state of affairs

Radical

Move towards the far left and a complete rejection of past political/economic traditions

Techniqies of control of totalitarian states

extensive organization at all levels, forced participation in a variety of groups (not always forced), force and terror (secret police), indoctrination, censorship of the media/propaganda, redirecting popular discontent (scapegoating)

Emancipation

Russian policy under Czar Alexander II. Freed the serfs in 1861. Was slowly implemented

Dissidents

People who disagree with the government

Lenin

Leader of the communist party (Bolsheviks) in Russia in 1917. Believed violent revolution was the only way to institute communism.

Treaty of Versailles

Principle treaty ending WWI, provoked long lasting resentment among Germans. Germany lost all colonies, some territory, army/weaponry was severely limited, Rhineland demilitarized, had to make reparation payments and accept sole responsibility for the war (war guilt clause)

Fascism

Reactionary, extremely right wing totalitarian system. Seen in Nazi Germany

War Communism

The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work to support the Red Army.

New Economic Plan (NEP)

Policy that allowed peasants to own land and small businesses (allowed for some capitalism) in the Soviet Union under Lenin

Five Year Plan

Ended the NEP, centralized all economic planning with the goal of industrializing the USSR

Kulaks

Class of prosperous landowners, transformed into anyone who employed people or owned means of industry. Became scapegoats

Holodormor

Mass starvation in the Ukraine to end dissent and opposition to collectivization

Great Purge

1936-1938, Stalin kill all opposition, including senior members of the party (Old Bolsheviks). 1.5-2 million of the general populace were arrested, about half of them were executed, the rest were sent to gulags (forced labour camps)

Features of Fascism in Nazi Germany

Collectivism (work for the greater good of Germany), Anti-liberalism, Racism (superior Aryan race), Extreme nationalism, Big business-State-Military partnership and the Cult of leadership (Hitler is Germany, Germany is Hitler)

Enabling Act (1933)

Laws that restricted freedom, eliminated privacy (communication) and the need for warrants, banned all parties but the Nazi Party, and allowed the chancellor (Hitler) to make decisions without the Reichstag's approval.

The Nuremburg Laws

Series of laws barring Jews from most aspects of public life (ie. voting, civil service, public schools, marriage to nonJews,) as well as defining who was a Jew

Night of Broken Glass

Organized attack on Jewish people, as well as synagogues and their businesses

Eugenics

Controlling human reproduction so desirable genetic traits (blonde hair) are encouraged and undesirable ones (being Jewish) are discouraged

Oligarchy

Political power rests with a small elite branch of society. Often based on inheritance.

One-Party States

Only one party forms the government and no other party can have any candidates run.

Military Dictatorship

Political power resides with military leadership.

Authoritarian

Form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms. Does not necessarily have to be total control.

NKVD

Secret police of Soviet Russia

Gestapo

Secret police of Nazi Germany

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, which resulted in famine.

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Dekulakization

This term refers to the campaign to eradicate the class of better-off peasants as part of the drive to collectivize Russia. This often involved shooting the adult males. Others were sentenced to prison camps. In most cases, whole families were deported to Siberia. About 10 million people were deported to Siberia as a result of this campaign.

Scapegoating

Blaming a person or a group for one's own troubles. A common technique of totalitarian states.

Controlled Participation

Actions of authoritarian or totalitarian government to force citizens to take part in mock elections or attend parades and sporting events as a propaganda tool to show their regime is supported by the people

Indoctrination

the process of teaching a person or group to accept a set of beliefs uncritically.

Force and Terror

The use of terror and intimidation to coerce citizens into accepting a certain set of beliefs.

Monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

Marxism

Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle.

Centrally planned economy

an economy in which the government decides entirely how economic resources will be allocated

Anti-Semitism

hostility toward Jews and Judaism; ranges from attitudes of disfavor to active persecution

October Revolution

The revolution in October 1917 in Russia that brought the Bolsheviks to power.

Weimar Republic

the republic that was established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933

February Revolution

the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

Nazi Economic Policy

Hitler used public works projects and grants to private construction firms to put people back to work and end the depression. A massive rearmament program was the key to solving the unemployment problem in Germany

Collectivization

a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government

Anti-War Movement

Organized campaigns against war. The Vietnam war protestors is an example of this.

Arms Race

A competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons

Atomic Bomb

An explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions

Berlin Wall

Fortified concrete and wire barrier that separated East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989

Brinkmanship

The art or practice of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits

Cold War

The political, economic, and social struggle between the Soviet Union and its allies, and the United States and its allies, conducted using propaganda, economic measures, and espionage rather than military means

Containment

The American Cold War foreign policy of containing the spread of communism by establishing strategic allies around the world through trade and military alliances as well as giving aid

Détente

A period of the Cold War during which the major powers tried to lessen the tension between them through diplomacy, arms talks and reduction, and cultural exchanges

Deterrence

The Cold War policy of both major powers aiming to deter the strategic advances of the other through arms development and arms build up

Domino Theory

The theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall

Espionage

The practice of spying or of using spies, especially to obtain secret information

Expansionism

A country's foreign policy of acquiring additional territory through the violation of another country's sovereignty for reasons of defence, resources, markets national pride, or perceived racial superiority

Glasnost

Meaning transparency. Soviet policy of open discussion of political and social issues

Hot War

A traditional war which includes troops in direct conflict, as opposed to a cold war

Iron Curtain

The notional barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in eastern Europe in 1989

Marshall Plan

U.S.-sponsored program designed to rehabilitate the economies of 17 western and southern European countries in order to create stable conditions in which democratic institutions could survive

McCarthyism

The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

A situation that would result from an unwinnable nuclear war

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

An intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty

Nonalignment

The position taken during the Cold War by those countries in the United Nations that did not form an alliance with either the United States or the Soviet Union

Perestroika

A political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s, widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. This focused on economic reforms and some liberalization of the Soviet economy.

Proxy War

Conflicts in which one superpower provides support to a group or state that opposes the rival superpower

Red Scare

An intense fear of communism that overcame the majority of the American population during and after the Second World War

Space Race

The competition between nations regarding achievements in the field of space exploration

Sphere of Influence

The territories and countries over which a powerful country dominates

Superpower

A state that has great power and influence

Truman Doctrine

The principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection

Warsaw Pact

A collective defense treaty among the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War

Yalta Conference

A meeting of British prime minister Winston Churchill, Soviet premier Joseph Stalin, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt early in February 1945 as World War II was winding down. Often considered the beginning of the Cold War.

Cuban Missile Crisis

This is an example of brinkmanship

American war in Vietnam

This is an example of a proxy war in which the Americans fought the viet cong

Korea

This country continues to be divided by capitalism and communism even to this day

Marshall Plan

An American plan to give aid to post-war European countries so they wouldn't fall to communism

Afghanistan

A proxy war in which the Soviets fought CIA backed Islamic rebel groups

Allende

Democratically elected leader of Chile who was replaced by the U.S backed Pinochet.

House Un-American Activities Committee

A committee (1938-75) of the U.S. House of Representatives, created to investigate disloyalty and subversive organizations

Berlin Airlift

The Allies response to the Soviets blockade of West Berlin

Iran-Contra Affair

scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.