BBH 451 Exam 1

babylonia

hammurabis code (physicians rules and principles)

greece (hippocrates)

“do no harm”

rome (galen)

might have created tinctures/ extracts in alcohol

• saw gladiators with head injuries + examined how brain controlled behavior

• morpheine opium poppy in alcohol

Laudanum

poppy extract dissolved in alcohol to treat pain

Ehrlich and Langley

• introduced concept of receptors

• receptor= foundation of drug action

• —> drug acts on specific tissue substrate causing specific effects

• drugs x cause changes by magic/ nonspecific

vaccines

prevent disease

• small dose to train immune system

• selectively treat pathogen specific disease

antibiotics

cure disease

• metals

• sulfanilamides

• biologics

kill living things

psychotropics

treat disease/ disorders of mind/NS

• drugs that interact with psychology

• Henry LaBourit

oral contraceptives

change sociocultural behavior/ norms

• changes: rights, how men/ women interact

cerebral cortex

high information processing, cognition, executive function, sensory processing

• cerebrum: hippocampus (memory), basal ganglia (movement and motivation), olfactory bulb (smell)

thalmus

routes incoming sensory info to appropriate association cortices

• what is this info? where does it go?

• seeing sounds, hearing colors

cerebellum

balance, posture

hypothalmus

controls hormones, endocrine, apetite (desires)

midbrain

major dopaminergic area

• VTA: dopamine reward pathway point of origin

• substantia nigra: origin of dopamine pathway involced in voluntary movement

pons and medulla

• subconcious bodily action

• breathing, digesting

spinal cord

transmission of sensory information and motor action

3 stages of brain activity

1. recieve: information from environment

2. process: information

3. instruct: body to act

drugs can interrupt at any stage

frontal lobe

executive function

parietal lobe

integration of inputs and output, willed motor command to spinal cord

temporal lobe

emotional, memory, auditory/ language processing

occipital lobe

visual processing

Basal ganglia

helps control, fine tune, and coordinate voluntary movement

substantia nigra

• dopamine neurons from midbrain to dorsal striatum

• involved in control of movement willed movement

• degenerates in parkinsons disease

ventral striatum

• nucleus accumbens: major input zone for dopamine neurons projecting from VTA

• reward learning, addiction, motivation

limbic system

emotional regulation/ processing

• hippocampus

• amygdala

• hypothalmus

• prefrontal cortex

hippocampus

memory storage/ retrieval

• libraian

• increase alc= decrease hippocampus

amygdala

fear response/ learning

hypothalmus

biological drives- 4 Fs

prefrontal cortex

decision making

• non limbic but interacts with limbic system inhibitory control

• ex. someone cuts you off and want to yell, but dont bc consequences

Cajal

• discovered directionality : dendrites, axon,

main difference between electrical and chemical synapse

• electrical:directly through channel

• chemical: use chemical messengers (NT) to cross gap between cells

transmembrane proteins

some in, some out, usually receptor

afferent info

into will affect this neuron

• going in

efferent info

• exiting

• info will have an effect on the next neuron

cholinergic synapse

• release Ach

schwann cells

• wrap PNS in myelin sheath

oligodentrocytes

wrap the CNS in myelin sheath

astrocytes

• protect and interact with neurons

• regulate endothelial cells making BBB

• metabolic support

• NT regulation

microglial cells

immune cells of brain, macrophages, clean up crew

ependymal cells

make and regulate cerebrospinal fluid (bathes brain)

criteria to be a NT

1. manufactured in brain (present in presynaptic neuron)

2. stimulate cell electricity cause to release NT (released in response to electrical activity)

3. transports enzymes

4. receptor present on postsynaptic

how drugs act

mimicking or blocking NT

main difference between NE and E

NE: brain

E: periphery

NT categories

• some small

• some large

• some fatty lipid derived

mirror images

2 molec= identical (2 hands ex.) = 2 different stereoisomers

stereoisomers

• many drugs are 50:50 (some L some D)

• often only 1 active

• racemic: include both bc less complex/ expensive

pasteur and stereochemistry

light through crystals bend 1 way, some another

• L/D: influence way light bends

• L/D: fit diff locks, do diff things

• ex. generic can affect you differently

autoreceptor

act as insurance mechanism to shut off dopamine

• more dopamine (pin balls) released= higher chance to get hit and bounce back

• drug that blocks autoreceptor: drug increases dopamine release (cocaine)