Lecture 3: Pediatrics and Adolescents

What is the major gross motor milestone at 12-14 months?

walks without support

How might a 12-14 months year old explore stairs at this stage?

may crawl upstairs

What unique posture do 12-14 month year old sometimes use to explore their environment?

bends over to look between legs

What play positions is common at this age?

squatting position during play

What is the gross motor ability at 15 months?

walks without losing balance; begins to walk sideways and backwards

What self-feeding skill begins at 15 months?

begins to use a spoon

What fine motor skill involving blocks is seen at 15 months?

builds a tower of 2 blocks with good release

What common play behavior is observed at 15 months?

enjoys throwing things on the floor

What pre writing skills begin at 15 months?

scribbles

What gross motor milestone appears at 18 months?

starts running w/ a wide base of support

How does a toddler typically navigate stairs at 18 months?

goes up and down stairs w/ 2 feet on each step

What happens w/ fine motor skills around 18 months?

fine motor coordination is improving

What gross motor skill related to play emerges at 2 years?

throws and catches a ball

What fine motor/building skill is seen at 2 years?

builds a tower of blocks as tall as the child

How is running ability at 2 years?

runs well

What is the typical weight gain over the past year?

4-6 pounds

What self-help skills develop around 2 years?

helps w/ dressing and undressing

How is language development progressing?

vocabulary increasing; can hand you objects by name

By 3 years old, how many words are in a toddler’s vocabulary and how intelligible is their speech?

about 900 words and speech is ~75% intelligible

What type of speech pattern is common at toddler’s age (1-3 years)?

imitative speech

What type of commands can a 3 year old understand?

two step commands and simple opposites

What is a key social trait of toddlers at this age?

insatiable curiosity, constant exploring and questioning

How do toddlers interact with others socially?

they interact with family, engage in bubbly laughter and enjoy being part of group activities

What comfort habit is common during toddlerhood?

dependence on a security item (like a blanket or stuffed toy)

How many meals and snacks should toddlers have per day?

3 meals and snacks

What self feeding skills do toddlers develop?

use of cups and utensils

How much sleep do toddlers need at night and do they nap?

10-12 hrs at night plus a nap

What is the normal respiratory rate for toddlers?

25-30 breaths per minute

What is the normal heart rate for toddlers?

80-130 bpm

What is the normal blood pressure range for toddlers?

69-115 / 38-92 mmHg

What are some of the gross motor skills that develop between the ages of 2-6?

• running

• stair climbing

• jumping

• hopping

• skipping

• ball skills

• throwing, catching, kicking

What are some of the fine motor skills between the ages of 2-6?

• hand preference

• grasp and manipulation of writing instruments

• grip strength, manual dexterity, bilateral coordination, eye-hand coordination

How do preschoolers typically use speech in daily life?

they talk incessantly, often filling silence with chatter

What kinds of storytelling or expression are common?

they exaggerate, boast, and tattle

What literacy milestone develops during preschool years?

recognizes their written name

By 5 years old, how do preschoolers form sentences?

use connected sentences that tell short stories or ideas

What level of comprehension do preschoolers have?

they understand simple explanations and reasoning

What concepts of language/logic do preschoolers grasp?

opposites and directions

What personal knowledge about themselves develops?

they know their own age

How do preschooler temper tantrums change compared to toddler years?

temper tantrums decrease

What personality traits may still be present in a preschooler?

selfishness and impatience

What kind of pretend relationships may preschoolers create?

imaginary playmates

How do preschoolers interact w/ rules?

they try to follow rules

What moral/emotional skill begins to develop?

developing a conscience

How do preschoolers act in group play?

they are learning to share

What types of play are common?

independent play and peer play

What common fear do preschoolers experience?

fear of separation from family and home

How many meals and snacks should a preschooler have daily?

3 meals and snacks, feeds self

How much sleep do preschoolers need?

11-12 hours per night

What is the normal respiratory rate for preschoolers?

21-23 breaths per minute

What is the normal heart rate for preschoolers?

75-110 bpm

What is the normal blood pressure range for preschoolers?

78-115 / 48-80 mmHg

How are motor skills defined in children 7-12 years old?

they are goal-directed movement patterns performed with increasing proficiency

What kind of movements is dominated in the ages of 7-12 year olds?

skilled movements (sports, dance, writing, instruments, etc.)

What three factors are critical for developing motor skills at this age?

motivation, instruction and practice

How much weight do boys typically gain during the school-age years?

35-40 lbs

How much do boys typically grow in height during the school-age years?

9-12 inches

How much weight do girls typically gain during the school age years?

40-45 lbs

How much do girls typically grow in height during the school age years?

10-15 inches

What happens to vision by six years of age?

vision becomes keener

By six years of age, what happens to brain development?

brain development is almost complete

How do school age children often act in social settings?

they act silly

What major development tasks begins during school age?

search for independence

Who do school age children often look up to?

heroes and role models

What is a common challenge for school age children in learning and attention?

they are easily distracted

What do school age children enjoy in their daily activities?

structure and rules

Whose opinions become especially important during school age?

peers

How do school-age children behave in relation to achievement and comparison?

they become competitive

What type of play is common during the school-age years?

competitive sports and interaction with peers of both sexes

At what age does appetite greatly increase in school age children and why?

ages 10-12 - due to rapid growth

How many hours of sleep do school age children typically need per night?

8-12 hours

What is the normal respiratory rate for school age children?

19-21 breaths per minute

What is the normal hear rate range for school age children?

75-110 bpm

What is the normal blood pressure range for school age children?

85-131 / 48-69 mmHg

What is adolescence?

a period of transition between childhood and adulthood

What is pubescence?

about 2 years of rapid physiological growth when reproductive functions mature

What is puberty?

the point at which an individual is able to reproduce

When do females experience pubescence compared to boys?

about 6 months earlier than boys

When does puberty occur in females compared to boys?

about 2 years earlier than boys

What is the typical female growth spurt during adolescence?

gain 20-25 lbs and grow 4-5 inches

By what age do most females reach adult height?

by 18 years

What happens to female hip structure during adolescence?

hips broaden

What happens to scalp hair in females during adolescence?

scalp hair increases

What is a permanent physical change in the chest during female adolescence?

breast enlargement

How do internal reproductive organs change in female adolescence?

uterus and vagina become larger and thicker

What is menarche and when does it typically occur?

first menstrual period; usually between ages 10-16, anovulatory for the first 1-3 years

How much do males typically grow in height during adolescence?

7-11 inches

How much weight do males typically gain during adolescence?

55-75 lbs

What kind of body composition change is more prominent in males than females during adolescence?

larger increase in muscle mass

What reproductive change occurs in males during adolescence?

nocturnal emissions (wet dreams)

What skeletal change happens in male adolescence?

shoulders broaden

What vocal change occurs in male adolescence?

voice deepens

What temporary change can occur in boys during adolescence?

breast enlargement

What reproductive milestone marks male sexual maturity?

mature sperm production

What physical change happens to male genitalia during adolescence?

penis and testicles enlarge

What happens to muscles in both boys and girls during adolescence?

muscles enlarge, but strengthen more in males

What happens to body hair in adolescence?

increases in both sexes, more in males

What respiratory change occurs during adolescence?

lung size and vital capacity increase

What happens to the gonads in adolescence?

they enlarge and begin to secrete hormones

What is a major concern for teenagers during adolescence?

their physical appearance