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Congress of Vienna
1815, in Vienna, Austria.
Meeting of countries that Napoleon had previously conquered.
Reason: to undo the changes Napoleon had introduced in the prev-conquered territory.
CoV’s conservative reaction to the influence of Napoleon
opposed Enlightenment ideas
In the areas where Napoleon influenced, people wanted
Equality for all men, which would lead to new opportunities in gov’t, and the nobles would lose power.
After Napoleon, the CoV restored old ideas:
put back the absolute monarchy
empires controlled multiple nationalities
limitations back on indv. rights
New ideas (nationalism, liberalism) continued to clash with old ideas throughout the 1800’s in Europe
How was nationalism opposed to the decisions made at the CoV?
The CoV decided that ppl had too much freedom, so after Napoleon, they oppressed ppl by appointing one absolute leader and joining nationalities into singular states, removing freedoms from groups of ppl.
Conservatism
preserving old ideas/traditions
absolute monarchies
empires ruling over many nationalities
limitations on individual rights (speech, religion, etc.)
Nationalism
the belief that one’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture and history
ex. German, Brazilian, Chinese, etc.
Liberalism
the continuation of the Enlightenment idea that people should have a say in gov’t.
there was a push for constitutional monarchies and voting rights for wealthier male populations.
Conservative vs. Liberal Nationalism
Conservative Nationalism:
Key Focus: Traditional authority, monarchy, and unity.
Advocates: Often aristocrats, monarchs, and those who sought to preserve the status quo.
Goal: To unite the German states under a strong, centralized monarchy, often led by Austria or Prussia, but without necessarily extending democratic reforms.
Liberal Nationalism:
Key Focus: Constitutionalism, individual rights, and popular sovereignty.
Advocates: Middle-class liberals, intellectuals, and reformers.
Goal: To create a unified Germany through democratic and constitutional means, with a focus on civil liberties, legal equality, and a parliamentary system.
How was German nationalism conservative?
They took over land and regained control over the nationalist groups that had been created.
How did war lead to German unification?
The border state of Holstein was dangerously close to Prussia. They needed to fight Austria to gain the land back and unify Germany.
Who gained and lost power due to German nationalism?
Gained
Prussia
German Empire
Lost
Denmark
Austria
German Confederation
smaller German states
France
Describe the new government established by German unification.
federalist:
power shared b/t state and nat’l gov’t
political parties developed
some voting rights
Prussia
strongest German state
liberals differed over whether to support a republic or a constitutional monarchy
Otto van Bismarck
leader of German unification
led Prussia (Germany’s strongest state)
prime minister of Prussia
Wars against Austria and France caused weaker German states to unite with Prussia
Germany completely unified in 1870
Philosophy: believed that it was Prussia’s responsibility to lead Germans to unification.
Pushed to increase power of Prussian military. He knew that brutality would be the only way to win unification in the war.
liberal parliament wouldn’t fund him, so he dismissed assembly and collected taxes anyway.
strong conservative speech at Nat’l Assembly
Wilhelm I
New king of Prussia (1862)
Appointed Bismarck to Prime Minister of Prussia.
promised a constitution but never wrote it
went back on many promises
banned things that supported democracy
Realpolitik (textbook)
the politics of reality. basically, realistic ideas that can still shape politics without much radical reform.
Zollverein
the alliance between German states to trade. Promoted strong economy.
also removed taxes on trades between German states
encouraged businesspeople to support unification, encouraged building of railroads too
Danish War
1864
Denmark gave the territory of Holstein and Schleswig to Austria and Prussia after the war. Prussia would control Schleswig and Austria controlled Holstein. This meant Austria had a bit of land inside Prussia.
Austro-Prussian War (7 weeks’ war)
Bismarck promised Italian PM territory of Venetia if they gave Prussia support.
B also persuaded Napoleon III to keep France neutral if war broke out b/t German states
sent troops to Holstein to provoke Austria, A declared war
Wilhelm blamed Austria for starting war, adding to the growing support for Prussia
appealed to the people’s sense of nationalism
Prussian army defeated Austrians in 7 weeks
treaty that ended was dissolved German confederation and forced Austria to surrender Holstein
Bismarck and Wilhelm used the victory to persuade remaining states to join the North.
Franco-Prussian War
southern German states were still not included in the North German Confederation
Prussia and France disputed Alsace and Lorraine
sparked feelings of nationalism in German states
states supported Prussia and northern states in the war vs France
1871, Bismarck successful victory for Prussia
peace treaty with France declared unification of Germany
Second Reich/German Empire
Germany prospered after 1871
Under leadership of Wilhelm and Bismarck, G became a strong empire
Known as Second Reich b/c First was the Holy Roman Empire
new German govt was federalist
power shared b/t state and nat’l gov’t
political parties developed
some voting rights
Kulturkampf
Struggle for culture - Bismarck believed Roman Catholic Church was a threat to his gov’t. Believed gov’t, not church, should control education and other aspects of culture. Bismarck passed laws to limit the influence of CC in Germany.
How did France’s conquest of Spain help fuel Latin American nationalism?
Napoleon's conquest of Spain destabilized Spanish colonial rule in Latin America.
The weakening of Spanish authority created an opportunity for independence movements.
Local elites and creoles began demanding greater autonomy and challenging Spanish control.
Revolutionary ideas from the French and American Revolutions inspired Latin American colonists.
The political turmoil led to the emergence of nationalism and a growing sense of Latin American identity.
Independence movements gained momentum, ultimately leading to the breakup of Spanish rule in the Americas.
How did changes in the US and France influence Latin America?
Seeing the desires for revolutionary change in France and the American colonies, people in LA wanted freedom too.
Having been under Spanish and Portuguese rule since the 15th century, it was time for change.
Latin American people were angry at the French and the Spanish king’s harsh rule, leading to their revolutions.
Who were creoles? In what ways were they conservative/liberal?
Creoles were people of European descent (primarily Spanish or Portuguese) who were born in the colonies of the Americas, rather than in Europe. In the context of Latin America, creoles were distinct from peninsulares, who were Europeans born in Spain or Portugal and held higher social and political positions in the colonial system.
Conservative Creoles:
Favored maintaining traditional social structures and hierarchies.
Supported monarchical rule or strong central authority.
Opposed drastic reforms that could disrupt the existing power balance.
Relied on the Catholic Church for social control and moral guidance.
Liberal Creoles:
Advocated for political reforms, including constitutionalism and representative government.
Sought freedom from colonial rule and increased autonomy for the colonies.
Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, promoted individual rights, equality, and democracy.
Often supported republicanism over monarchy in the context of independence movements.
Why did indigenous peoples resent the creoles?
creoles benefitted from forced-labor systems
took control of indigenous lands
indigenous ppl faced harsh working conditions and limited economic opportunities
creoles viewed themselves as superior
Indigenous people were excluded from political, social, and economic power controlled by creoles
Creoles led independence movements but often maintained systems of exploitation after gaining power from the peninsulares.
Indigenous peoples saw that creole-led revolutions brought little real change to their status or conditions.
How were enslaved Africans inspired by what Blacks had done in Haiti?
Successful Rebellion: Haiti demonstrated that enslaved people could overthrow colonial powers and gain freedom.
Empowerment: Haiti’s victory gave enslaved Africans hope that they could fight for their own liberation.
Spread of Revolutionary Ideals: Ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity inspired enslaved people across the Americas.
Fear Among Slaveholders: The Haitian Revolution terrified slaveholders, as it threatened to incite similar revolts.
Cultural and Political Impact: Haiti’s success influenced resistance movements in other enslaved communities.
Who were the peninsulares?
Europeans born in Spain or Portugal and held higher social and political positions in the colonial system than creoles.
What was the goal of the wealthy leaders of Latin American revolutions? What did they not seek?
didn’t want change in class system bs they wouldnt benefit
How was Francisco de Miranda the “intellectual father” of the Latin American independence movements?
What did Miranda and Simon Bolivar accomplish?
How was the Mexican quest for independence different from other nations? What was Miguel Hidalgo’s role? How was Hidalgo’s vision ultimately not fulfilled?
What was Jose de San Martin’s role in contributing to the independence of Argentina, Chile and Peru?
What countries did Simon Bolivar help liberate? Why did he think they were not ready for a republican government?
What obstacles did newly-liberated nations face? What did they fail to accomplish?
What were similarities and differences among Latin American countries in terms of how they were impacted by nationalism?
Miguel Hidalgo
Jose Maria Morelos
mestizos
Iguala Plan
Agustin de Iturbide
What were the initial attitudes of higher social classes towards independence from Spain?
How did certain social classes unite for a radical independence movement?
How did independence actually take place?
What problems did Mexico face once it became independent?
Simon Bolivar
Francisco de Paula
Santander
What aspects of Spanish rule especially upset many Latin Americans? What problems led Spain to institute these policies?
What was Bolivar’s role in the struggle for independence of South American nations?
What nations were part of Gran Colombia?
What was Bolivar’s vision for all of South America?
What was the conflict between Santander and Bolivar that led to the division into two political parties?
How did Gran Colombia divide into multiple countries? (After coming together, what survived after GC fell?)
What problems were faced by each of the new nations that had been part of Gran Colombia?
King John VI
Dom Pedro
Pedro II
Why was the Brazilian drive for independence weaker than in Spanish-ruled colonies?
What changes were brought about when King John VI moved to Brazil?
What led to the desire for Brazilian independence? How did Brazil become independent?
Who had the most power when Brazil became independent?
What were different views for Brazil’s future once it became independent?
What changes took place under Pedro II’s guidance?
What caused the Brazilian monarchy to fall?
What two major changes were breaks with Brazil’s past?
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