Anatomy and Physiology Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering core topics in introductory Anatomy and Physiology, including cells, chemistry, tissues, and organelles.

Anatomy

Study of structure

Physiology

Study of function

Gross anatomy

Structures seen with naked eye

Histology

Study of tissues

Cytology

Study of cells

Palpation

Feeling with hands

Auscultation

Listening to body sounds

Percussion

Tapping body to assess structures

Homeostasis

Stable internal conditions

Negative feedback

Reverses a change

Positive feedback

Amplifies a change

Gradient

Difference between two areas

Metabolism

All internal chemical changes

Responsiveness

Ability to sense/react to stimuli

Differentiation

Unspecialized cell becomes specialized

Cell

Smallest living unit

Tissue

Similar cells working together

Organ

2+ tissue types working together

Organ system

Organs working together

Structural levels (smallest to largest)

Atom -> molecule -> organelle -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism

Proton

Positive

Neutron

No charge

Electron

Negative

Atomic number

Number of protons

Atomic mass

Protons + neutrons

Isotope

Same element, different neutrons

Cation

Positive ion

Anion

Negative ion

Electrolyte

Ionizes in water and conducts electricity

Ionic bond

Attraction between cation + anion

Covalent bond

Shares electrons

Nonpolar covalent bond

Equal sharing

Polar covalent bond

Unequal sharing

Hydrogen bond

Weak attraction

Cohesion

Water sticks to water

Adhesion

Water sticks to other substances

Carbohydrate

Major energy source

Lipid

Energy storage/membranes

Protein building block

Amino acid

Enzyme

Speeds up chemical reaction

DNA

Stores genetic information

RNA

Helps use genetic information

ATP

Short-term energy-transfer molecule

Plasma membrane

Boundary of cell

Cytoplasm

Material inside cell

ECF

Fluid outside cells

ICF

Fluid inside cells

Main ICF cation

$$K^+$$

Main ECF cation

$$Na^+$$

Phospholipid heads

Hydrophilic

Phospholipid tails

Hydrophobic

Cholesterol

Stabilizes/stiffens membrane

Transmembrane protein

Passes through entire membrane

Peripheral protein

Attached to one membrane surface

Receptor

Receives chemical signal

Channel

Allows substances through

Carrier

Moves substances across membrane

Pump

Carrier that uses ATP

Microvilli

Increase surface area

Cilia

Move material across surface

Flagellum

Cell movement

Human functional flagellum

Sperm tail

Pseudopods

Movement/capture particles

Selectively permeable

Allows some things through, blocks others

Passive transport

NO ATP

Active transport

Uses ATP

Diffusion

High -> low concentration

Osmosis

Movement of water

Filtration

Movement caused by pressure

Primary active transport

Moves against gradient using ATP

Isotonic

Cell stays same size

Hypotonic

Cell swells

Hypertonic

Cell shrinks

Vesicular transport

Uses membrane-bound vesicles to move materials

Nucleus

Contains DNA

Nucleolus

Produces ribosome components

Ribosome

Makes proteins

Rough ER

Protein production/processing

Smooth ER

Lipid synthesis

Golgi apparatus

Modifies/packages materials

Mitochondria

Produces ATP

Lysosome

Digests/cleans up materials

Peroxisome

Breaks down/detoxifies substances

Cytoskeleton

Cell support/shape/movement

Centrioles

Help with cell division

Gene

Segment of DNA containing genetic instructions

Transcription

DNA -> mRNA

Location of transcription

Nucleus

Transcription enzyme

RNA polymerase

Translation

mRNA -> protein

Location of translation

Ribosome

Overall gene expression pathway

DNA -> RNA -> protein

4 tissue types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Epithelial tissue

Covers/lines

Connective tissue

Supports/connects

Muscle tissue

Movement

Nervous tissue

Communication

Epithelial vascularity

No; avascular

Epithelial regeneration

High/rapid

Apical surface

Free/exposed surface