Cell-cell communication: Neurons

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32 Terms

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what is the nervous system consisted of?

brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

<p>brain and spinal cord</p>
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

<p>the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body</p>
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somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles; controls voluntary activity

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autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs such as the heart; controls involuntary activity

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sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations (fight or flight)

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parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy (rest and digest)

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reflex

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

<p>a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus</p>
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what are the 3 types of neurons?

sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), interneurons

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sensory neuron

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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afferent neurons

Nerve cells that carry impulses towards the central nervous system

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efferent neurons

Nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system

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motor neurons

control the activity of muscles

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interneurons

pass signal from one neuron to another

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Neuroglia

cells that support and protect neurons; can divide but cannot transmit cell signals

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components of a neuron

cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin

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cell body

Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm

<p>Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm</p>
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dendrites

receive chemical signals from other neurons and convert them into electrical signals

<p>receive chemical signals from other neurons and convert them into electrical signals</p>
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axons

a part of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body

<p>a part of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body</p>
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axon terminal

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored

<p>The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored</p>
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myelin sheath

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

<p>covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses</p>
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Nodes of Ranvier

gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

<p>gaps in myelin sheath along the axon</p>
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membrane potential

the voltage difference across a membrane

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diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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resting potential of a neuron

stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive

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action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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Electrical vs. chemical signals

Inside neuron - electrical
In between neurons - chemical

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Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

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Depolarization

The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.

<p>The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.</p>
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Repolarization

Return of the cell to resting state

<p>Return of the cell to resting state</p>
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Synapse

the junction between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

<p>the junction between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron</p>
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Nodes of Ranvier

gaps in the myelin sheath